施用方式和氮肥种类对水稻土中氮素迁移的影响效应  

Effects of Fertilization Methods and Forms of Nitrogen Fertilizers on Nitrogen Diffusion and Migration in Paddy Soil

作　　者：凌德[1,2] 李婷[2] 王火焰[1] 刘晓伟[1] 陈照明[1] 周健民[1] 

机构地区：[1]土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室(中国科学院南京土壤研究所),南京210008 [2]四川农业大学资源学院,成都611130

出　　处：《土壤》2015年第3期478-482,共5页Soils

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(2013CB127401);国家自然科学基金项目(41271309);江苏省科技支撑计划项目(BE2011821)资助

摘　　要：通过田间微区试验，研究稻田中氮肥施用方式及种类对氮素迁移的影响。试验设4种施用方式（撒施、上层10cm土混施、土下10cm点施、3％土体混施）和4种氮肥（尿素、氯化铵、硫酸铵、磷酸铵）。不同施用方式试验结果表明，培养期60天内，在土下10cm点施下尿素处理6～16cm土壤无机氮含量〉200mg／kg，远高于其他3种尿素施用方式。4种施用方式保肥能力大小分别为：土下10cm点施〉3％土体混施〉上层10cm土混施〉撒施。不同种类氮肥试验结果表明，培养期第30天和60天尿素处理土壤无机氮含量均高于其他肥料处理，最大值分别达到544mg／kg和477mg／kg，而氯化铵处理无机氮含量最大仅为324mg／kg和106mg／kg，但是总体来看尿素处理与磷酸铵处理无明显区别。4种氮肥在土下10cm点施下保肥能力大小为：尿素、磷酸铵〉硫酸铵〉氯化铵。研究认为氮肥施入土壤后与土壤混合的初始体积越小，养分损失越低；施用越集中，肥际养分浓度越高。结合预示稻田土下10cm点施氮肥较其他施肥方法在维持肥际高浓度无机氮和减少氮肥损失方面有明显优势。The effects of fertilization methods and forms of nitrogen fertilizers on nitrogen diffusion and migration were studied by filed micro-plot experiment. 4 fertilization methods （broadcast, mixed fertilization with 10 cm top soil, point fertilization at 10 cm depth, mixed fertilization with 3% soil at 10 cm depth） and 4 nitrogen fertilizers （urea, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate） were investigated. The results showed that inorganic nitrogen concentration （INC） in 6 -16 cm soil of urea point fertilization treatment was higher than 200 mg/kg during 60 day incubation, higher than those of the other 3 fertilizer methods. The preservation capacity of the high INC in soil of the fertilization methods showed a sequence of point fertilization 〉 mixed fertilization with 3% soil 〉 mixed fertilization with 10 cm top soil 〉 broadcast. With the point fertilization method, the INC of urea treatment after 30 d and 60 d was higher than other three fertilization methods. The maximum INC was up to 544 mg/kg and 377 mg,/kg for urea after incubated for 30 d and 60 d, respectively. While the similar values for ammonium chlorides were 324 mg/kg and 106 mg/kg, respectively. There was no significant difference between urea and ammonium phosphate treatments. The capacity of the 4 nitrogen fertilizers in maintaining the high INC in soil under point fertilization method followed the sequence of urea and ammonium phosphate〉ammonium sulfate〉ammonium chloride. The results demonstrated that the smaller the initial volume of the soil with which the nitrogen fertilizers mixed, the higher INC could achieved in soil and also the lower the inorganic nitrogen lost. Point fertilization of urea at 10 cm depth had obvious advantages in improving nitrogen use efficiency as compared with the conventional broadcast method.

关 键 词：氮肥 施用方式 氮素迁移扩散 

分 类 号：S143[农业科学—肥料学]