降雨诱发浅层黄土泥流的研究进展、存在问题与对策思考  

Comment on the Progress in,Problems and Countermeasure on Mudflow Induced by Rainfall

作　　者：辛鹏[1] 吴树仁[1] 石菊松[1] 王涛[1] 石玲[1] 

机构地区：[1]国土资源部新构造运动与地质灾害重点实验室,中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《地质论评》2015年第3期485-493,共9页Geological Review

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(编号41402281);“十二五”科技支撑项目(课题号2012BAK10B02);中国地质调查局项目“陕西宝鸡地区地质灾害详细调查与综合研究”的成果

摘　　要：降雨诱发的浅层黄土泥流规模小、流速快、冲击力强、发育范围广、难以防御、致灾频率高,近两年造成了大量人员伤亡,急需开展其形成机制与强度的研究。黄土物质组成与水敏性、坡体形态对降雨入渗—积水的响应、黄土斜坡对降水入渗的力学响应机制、富水黄土粘滞性流动特性是制约浅层黄土泥流形成的四种主要因素,分析这四种因素的对浅层黄土泥流形成的制约作用需解决斜坡降雨入渗的水文过程、非饱和土的力学效应及水土耦合的机制等前沿问题。本文对影响泥流形成的各因素研究的最新进展进行了综述,同时讨论了研究中的核心问题,并提出了相应的对策与方案,认为可从三方面开展研究：（1）定量描述泥流体积扩容特征,建立浅层黄土泥流启动与流动模式;（2）分析泥流与原状黄土物质成分、组成结构差异,开展黄土非饱和增湿力学变形试验,监测0°～60°单面坡与坡肩平缓斜坡的降雨入渗过程,研究坡体形态对雨水汇聚、入渗及基质吸力变化的控制特征,揭示泥流流体运动过程中水土响应机制;（3）对浅层黄土泥流物理力学模型进行解析,讨论泥流流动能量转化特征,建立降雨诱发泥流灾害的强度计算模型,为降雨泥流灾害危险性定量计算提供理论支撑。The shallow loess mudflow induced by rainfall has been identified with extensive development and high frequency occurrence as a disaster,though it is small dimension. Merely in the flood season,several deaths have been caused,which urges the development of research on its failure mechanism and intensity. Mudflow was effected by several factors including water-sensitive and material composition of loess,influence of slope angle on final infiltration rate,mechanical aspects of flow-like movements in loess slope and viscous flow characteristics of water-rich loess,which will determine movement types such as fast,strong impact,hard defensive characteristics.To make clearly relationships between these factors,it need to solved problems as hydrological processes of rainfall infiltration in slope,mechanical effect of unsaturated soil. This paper reviews the latest research progress of various formation factors of mudslides mechanism, and discussed the core issues, then proposed the corresponding countermeasure. There are maybe three important aspects. Firstly,it need to quantitative description of the volume expansion features of mudflow,and finally establish the initiation and flow modes of shallow loess mudflow.Secondly,we could monitor the rainfall infiltration process in the single-side slopes with a slope angle of 0° ～ 60°and slopes gentle on slope shoulder,with an aim to study the controlling features of the slope forms on rainwater convergence,infiltration and matric suction variation,and reveal the water and soil responding mechanism during the mudflow fluid motion process. Thirdly,it will be done in analyzing the physical mechanics model,and discuss the flow energy transformation features of mudflow,aiming to establish the strength calculation model of rainfall induced mudflow disaster,and provide theoretical supports for the quantitative calculation of rainfall induced disaster. and provide new thought for the monitoring and early warning of mudflow disaster in Loess Plateau.

关 键 词：降雨 浅层黄土 泥流 力学机制 活动强度 

分 类 号：P642.23[天文地球—工程地质学]