稻麦玉米秸秆残留还田量定量估算方法及应用  

Quantitative estimation method and its application to rice, wheat and corn straw residues left in field

作　　者：王亚静[1] 王红彦[1] 高春雨[1] 王磊[1] 毕于运[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农科院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2015年第13期244-250,共7页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(项目批准号:31200337;41301626)

摘　　要：为了解秸秆残留还田是秸秆直接还田的基本形式。该文通过逐步推导,给出了秸秆残留还田量定量估算的系列公式,并将秸秆残留还田量定量估算建立在5个参数的基础上,即农作物平均株高、收割留茬高度、叶部生物量比例、枝叶脱落率和秸秆机械收集损失率;以实地调查为基础,结合对试验数据收集整理,给出了小麦、玉米、水稻三大农作物秸秆残留还田量定量估算的参数体系,并估算出了三大农作物的秸秆残留还田量,分别为7 106.92、4 543.48和6 392.95万t,合计为18 043.35万t,占三大农作物的秸秆总产量的31.13%;三大作物人工收获秸秆残留还田量为1724.47万t,机械收获秸秆残留还田量为16 318.88万t,后者是前者的9.46倍;进而以农作物面积为权重,推算出全国的秸秆残留还田量为25 330.08万t,计算出单位面积耕地的残留还田量为1.87 t/hm2,与基本还田量的最低需求3.0 t/hm2相比尚需增加60%以上,与基本还田量的一般需求4.5 t/hm2相比尚需增加1.41倍。论文最后指出了秸秆残留还田量定量估算需要继续深入开展的主要研究工作:一是开展更广泛的田间实测,进一步提高小麦、玉米、水稻三大农作物秸秆残留还田量定量估算参数的精准度,尤其是收割留茬高度和秸秆机械收集损失率这两大参数的精准度,以便更确切地估算三大农作物的秸秆残留还田量;二是针对棉花、大豆、油菜等主要经济作物进行秸秆残留还田量定量估算研究,建立全国主要粮经作物秸秆残留还田量定量估算的参数体系;三是建立区域性的秸秆残留还田量定量估算的参数体系,逐步实现各区域秸秆残留还田量的定量估算。Straw residues left in the field include the crop stubbles, stems and leaves, part of the crushed straw remained in the field under the condition of reasonable harvest stubble. Besides collectable straw returned to field directly, leaving the straw residues in the field is the basic form of direct-application of straw into fields and this phenomenon could be widely seen throughout almost all the cropland in China. Researches on quantitative estimation of straw residues are of great significance to estimate the amount of collectable straw resources, evaluate the land productivity quantitatively and to make planning of direct-application of straw into fields etc. Formulas for estimating the quantity of straw residues left on the field were derived in this research. Five parameters were used in this study including average plant height, harvesting stubble height, leaf ratio, leaf fall rate, crops stalk loss ratio of mechanical collector. Parameters that estimated the quantity of wheat, corn and rice straw residues left in the field were determined by field surveys and literature analysis through selecting a large number of experimental data and survey data. The results showed that the amount of straw residues left on the field would increase gradually with the growing mechanical harvesting area. Total amount of straw returning to the field of China would increase to 600 000 000 t in ten years and that was 60% of the total production of crop straw. If the amount of collectable straw returning to field increased at the same time, the proportion and level of straw returning to the field would reach the level comparable to developed countries such as USA and Japan etc. In 2013, the amount of straw residues left on the field of three major crops of wheat, corn and rice in China was 71 069 200, 45 434 800 and 63 929 500 t, respectively. Straw residues left on the field of the whole nation was 253 300 800 t in the cropped area, and straw residues left on the field for the average per hectare of the sown area was 1.87 t. To

关 键 词：农作物 秸秆 估算 秸秆残留还田量 定量估算方法 参数分析 

分 类 号：X712[环境科学与工程—环境工程]