美国对外贸易区准入实体问题研究及其对我国的启示  

Studies on Access Entities of Foreign Trade Zone in the US and Inspirations to our Country

作　　者：周阳[1] 

机构地区：[1]上海海关学院科研处

出　　处：《海关与经贸研究》2015年第4期68-80,共13页Journal of Customs and Trade

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目"我国知识产权海关保护制度创新研究"(编号:12BFX144);上海市教委科研创新项目"海关视角下应对美国贸易保护主义法律问题研究"(编号:12YS195);上海市人民政府发展研究中心"石良平工作室";上海社会科学院哲学社会科学创新工作创新型智库"上海国际贸易中心建设研究"项目

摘　　要：美国对外贸易区的准入主体包括对外贸易区委员会与海关。前者拥有完整的立法、司法以及行政三种综合职能,是一种全面的准入主体。它在法律性质上属于"部内独立机构",虽然整体上仍然是行政机构,但具备了相对的独立性,从而确保了对外贸易区准入在全国范围内的统一性与权威性。海关在准入事项上局限于对外贸易区的启用与变更,是一种辅助性的准入主体。在申请设立对外贸易区时的准入客体包括公共公司与私营公司。当启用与变更对外贸易区时,准入客体则是受让人与经营人。国务院是我国7种类型海关特殊监管区域的准入主体,负责各类事项的全面准入。海关总署只能说是退出程序中的阶段性主体,并不是法律意义上的完整主体。海关特殊监管区域准入客体是省一级的人民政府。我国海关特殊监管区域准入实体法律规格过高,会商机制削弱了审批决定的专业性。因此,建议设置一个独立的海关特殊监管区域委员会,扩大海关特殊监管区域准入客体的范围。从目前仅有的省一级人民政府单个主体先增加到市一级人民政府、直辖市区一级人民政府、自治区内自治州一级人民政府。改变目前会商机制的制度设计,确立合理的内部工作机制,从目前的软性约束改为刚性的工作机制。The subjects accessing the US Foreign Trade Zone （FTZ） include FTZ Board and US CBP. The former possesses the full range of legislative, judicial and administrative functions and thus is a full access subject. As an ＂independent institution inside the ministry＂ legally, it enjoys relative inde- pendence, though still being an administrative agency in general, which ensures uniformity and authority of the access to FTZ across the country. The access object which applies to set up FTZ includes national companies and private companies. In founding and changing FFZ, the access object is the transferee and operator. The State Council （SC） is the access subject for the seven types of special areas under Customs control （SACC）, responsible for approving full access of various operations. The General Administration of Customs （GAC） is but temporary subject in the stage of exit procedure, instead of a full subject legally. The access object of SACC is provincial government. Thus the legal qualification of the entities accessing our SACC is too high and what＇s worse, the consultation mechanism weakens the exclusive authority of approvals. Therefore, it is recommended to set up an independent SACC board and expand the range of approvals. Therefore, it is recommended to set up an independent SACC board and expand the range of the objects accessing SACC from the single qualified entity of provincial government to municipal government. It is advisable to change the present institutional design of consultation mechanism, to establish appropriate internal working mechanism and turn the current soft constraint to hard working mechanism.

关 键 词：美国对外贸易区 准入主体 海关特殊监管区域 

分 类 号：F757.12[经济管理—国际贸易]