中国农作物品种安全问题分析  

Analysis on the issues of China's crop variety security

作　　者：王娅[1,2] 窦学诚[3] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所沙漠与沙漠化重点实验室,甘肃兰州730000 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [3]甘肃农业大学经济管理学院,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《农业现代化研究》2015年第4期553-560,共8页Research of Agricultural Modernization

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(13XJY018);银兴经济研究基金

摘　　要：品种作为种子最根本的支撑材料,是保障种子品质、产量的根本和实现粮食安全和农业可持续发展的基础。当前,生物技术的研发运用、跨国公司的抢滩布局使得中国农作物品种安全面临种种不确定风险甚至战略威胁。本研究以中国农作物品种安全为研究对象,在界定农作物品种安全概念及内涵的基础上,对主要农作物的品种审定、品种退出、品种保护和威胁因素四个方面进行总量、趋势、结构、分布、国际发展和竞争动向等方面的研究。结果如下:1)现行的品种审定制度尚不完善,应实施品种退出的动态管理机制;2)农作物品种的申请和授权数量总体呈快速增长趋势,且品种结构由大田作物为主向多元化方向发展;3)以品种结构和申请主体为表征的中国种业育种体系向多元化方向发展,但并未形成真正的商业化运作规范和机制;4)国内各省区市新品种保护及开发程度差异大,中国在外国的品种权申请授权总数较外国在中国的申请授权总数差距大;5)生物技术和转基因作物的商品化发展、跨国种业公司入驻是影响中国种子定价权和品种权控制度的重要因素。Seed variety, as the most fundamental support material for seeds, essentially guarantee the quality and yield of seeds. It is also the base of food security and agricultural sustainable development. Currently, the research and development of bio-technology, the arrangement of Multinational Corporation in China have made the crop variety security in China facing uncertain risks and even strategic threats. On the basis of defining the concept and connotation of variety security, this paper examined the crop variety total, the general trends, the structure, the distribution, the international development, the competition trends and other aspects of variety registration, variety exit, variety protection, and threatening factors. Results show that： 1） the existing variety registration system is not perfect, and the dynamic management mechanism on variety exit should be adopted; 2） in general, the number of applications and authorizations of crop variety rapidly grow, and the species structure changes from field crops domination to diversification; 3） the Chinese breeding system structure developed diversely, but the real norms and institutions of commercial operations were not well developed; 4） from the aspect of regional distribution of variety right, there is a large difference in the degree of protection and development of new variety among all provinces in China, and the number of applications and authorizations of variety right in China are smaller than that of other developed countries; and 5） the commercial development of biotechnology and transganic crops and the settlement of transnational seed companies in China are critical factors influencing the pricing right of seeds and controlling the variety right of China.

关 键 词：农作物品种 品种安全 品种审定 品种保护 中国 

分 类 号：F327[经济管理—产业经济]