侵权法中事务的所属人和行为人责任  

Liability for Agents and Agents' Liability under Tort Law

作　　者：赫尔穆特.考茨欧 张家勇[3] 周奥杰[3] 

机构地区：[1]维也纳大学法学院 [2]世界侵权法学会 [3]四川大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2015年第4期5-16,共12页Global Law Review

摘　　要：不同法律制度对待辅助人的侵权性不当行为的方式有很大差异,为了在整体连贯的法律系统中确立责任的正当性,必须始终以合乎情理的方式考虑并权衡归责的理由。在侵权法领域确立事务所属人的一般严格责任的规则是不合理的。事务所属人无需对其雇佣的应当独立开展工作且未受其指示的人的所有致害行为负责。事务所属人负责的理由可能是辅助人不称职,也可能是活动的特殊危险性,还可能是其在选任和监督其辅助人方面存在过错。对那些处于重要地位并有权在事务所属人行为范围内发出指令的人,事务所属人应承担更加严格的责任。此外,事务所属人就取代人类辅助人的技术设备应类推适用辅助人规则而承担相应责任。就行为人的责任来说,让实际上实施了过错行为的人承担责任是合理的,但是,在事务所属人破产或损害主要是源于活动的危险性等特殊情况下,则应当根据相关利益设计恰当的解决方案。The approaches taken by different legal systems regarding tortious misconduct of auxiliaries vary significantly. When establishing the principal＇ s or the agent＇ s liability within a consistent overall system, the reasons for attributing liability to either of them must always be called to mind and weighed up in a reasonable way. It seems completely unreasonable to establish a general strict liability rule for auxiliaries in tort law. The principal is not responsible for all damaging caused by persons who have been employed by him, but are supposed to carry out the task independently and without further instructions. The justifications for principal＇ s liability might be the auxiliary＇ s incompetence or the special dangerousness of an activity, or the principal＇ s fault in selecting or supervising his agents. The principal is comprehensively liable for the misconduct of persons who have a leading position and give directions within the principal＇ s field of activity. In addition, the principal is liable for technical equipment replacing human auxiliaries through an analogous application of the provisions on liability for auxiliaries. Regarding the agent＇ s liability, it seems generally reasonable to hold the person liable who actually engaged in the faulty behavior, but an appropriate solution in proportion to the interests at stake should be facilitated in situations where the damage results from the dangerousness of the activity as well as from the principal＇ s insolvency.

关 键 词：辅助人 事务所属人责任 行为人责任 严格责任 过错责任 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]