覆膜和施肥对玉米产量和土壤温度、硝态氮分布的影响  

Effects of mulching and fertilization on maize yield,soil temperature and nitrate- N distribution

作　　者：王秀康[1,2] 李占斌[1,2] 邢英英[3] 

机构地区：[1]西安理工大学水电学院,西安710048 [2]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [3]西北农林科技大学,旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2015年第4期884-897,共14页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41330858);国家科技支撑计划课题(2011BAD31B01)资助

摘　　要：【目的】采用垄沟覆膜栽培技术,研究了西北黄土塬区不同施肥及覆膜处理对玉米（Zea mays L.）产量、土壤温度和土壤硝态氮分布的影响,为粮食安全和农业可持续发展提供依据。【方法】研究采用覆膜和施肥田间试验,小区试验设置了6个处理,1）对照不覆膜,不施肥;2）覆膜不施肥;3）不覆膜基施N 80 kg/hm^2、P2O580kg/hm^2,无追肥;4）覆膜基施纯N 80 kg/hm^2、P2O580 kg/hm^2,无追肥;5）不覆膜基施N 80 kg/hm^2、P2O580kg/hm^2,追施N 80 kg/hm^2;6）覆膜基施N 80 kg/hm^2、P2O580 kg/hm^2,追施N 80 kg/hm^2。【结果】1）覆膜对前期土壤温度的影响大于后期,在7月前,覆膜处理0—20 cm土壤温度平均增加2.3℃,对玉米的发芽和早期生长有良好的促进作用,7月后,覆膜处理对土壤温度增加的平均值为1.2℃。在6月中旬以前,施肥处理的土壤温度略高于不施肥处理;6月中旬以后差异减小,施肥处理对土壤温度的影响不明显。2）播种后一个月,施肥处理土壤硝态氮主要聚集在0—30 cm土层,以主根为中心,纵向近似对称分布,在根系下方40 cm处,形成一个孤岛,施肥处理是不施肥处理的1.65倍;播种后两个月,表层土壤硝态氮含量下降至30.77-48.67 mg/kg。覆膜处理在施肥初期有减缓硝态氮向下层迁移速度的作用,影响范围为0—80 cm深。3）水分利用效率（WUE）与施肥量呈正相关,最高为2.09 kg/m^3。在相同施肥处理下,覆膜明显提高WUE,施基肥处理,覆膜比不覆膜的WUE提高12.8%-19.5%;施基肥和追肥处理,覆膜比不覆膜的WUE提高20.3%-27.4%。4）百粒重、穗粒重与产量呈正相关关系,产量提高是百粒重和穗粒重增加的直接结果,施肥和覆膜对百粒重和穗粒重的提高效果明显。覆膜在施肥处理下的增产效果显著,连续三年,施基肥处理下,覆膜处理增产10.61%、9.48%和15.36%;施基肥和追肥处理下,覆膜增产16.61%、20.94%和12.24%。【结论】施肥和覆膜【Objectives】The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of furrow mulching and nitrogen fertilization on soil temperature, soil nitrate- N content and grain yield for sustainable corn production incorrugation cultivation.【Methods】The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with six treatments：1） a control plot with no basal fertilizer,no top dressing and no mulching,2） plastic film mulching with no basal fertilizer and no top dressing,3） basal N（ 80 kg / hm^2） and P2O5（ 80 kg /hm^2） with no top dressing and no mulching,4） plastic film mulching and basal N（ 80 kg / hm^2）,P2O5（ 80 kg /hm^2） with no top dressing,5） basal N（ 80 kg / hm^2）,P2O5（ 80 kg /hm^2） and top dressing N（ 80 kg /hm^2） with no mulching,and 6） plastic film mulching with basal N（ 80 kg / hm^2） and P2O5（ 80 kg /hm^2）,and top dressing N（ 80 kg /hm^2）.【Results】1） The soil temperature of the 10- cm mulching treatment was significantly higher than the no- mulching treatment,and the average soil temperature of the mulching treatment increased 2. 3℃ before July which may be beneficial for germination and growth,and approximately 1. 2℃ after July in 0 to 20 cm. The soil temperature in fertilizer treatment was slightly higher than no fertilizer treatment before the middle of June and the soil temperature difference decreased after the middle of June,and the influence of the fertilizer treatment on the soil temperature was not significant. 2） The soil nitrate- N content with basal fertilizer was 1. 65 times higher than that with no fertilizer at 36 days after sowing,and was mainly concentrated in the 0 to 30 cm. The distribution of soil nitrate-N was symmetrical along the taproot,and the soil nitrate- N content was in a small area of soil appeared at 40 cm.The soil nitrate- N content was reduced to 30. 77 to 48. 67 mg / kg in the topsoil after two months sowing. Mulching decreased fertilizer N down moving in a short term,mainly in the depth of 0- 80 cm. 3）

关 键 词：玉米 覆膜 土壤温度 硝态氮含量 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]