科学、技艺、技术:中国农业从物质到知识的穿越  

Science,Technique,Technology:Passages between Matter and Knowledge in Imperial Chinese Agriculture

作　　者：白馥兰[1] 董晓萍[2] 

机构地区：[1]爱丁堡大学社会人类学系 [2]北京师范大学民俗典籍文字研究中心,北京100875

出　　处：《北京师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2015年第4期84-104,共21页Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：中国农业在中国农政管理系统中是治国之本,该系统兼容地方文化多样性,扎根社会网络,对科学、技艺、技术的知识与实践产生了积极作用。在19世纪之前,几乎没有任何西方国家在促进农业生产和传播农业知识方面有所作为,中国却从宋代开始已经全面着手,政府发挥各级官员、文人学士、地主作者、农民和工匠的综合作用,鼓励官民合作,发展先秦以来的儒家伦理政治、伦理社会秩序和伦理道德民俗,更新了中国农业国家的知识系统与宇宙观。发展这一方向的研究成果,能够增加我们对科学与规律的理解,而它不仅存在于中国,也普遍地存在于人类社会的前现代时期之中。Many historians today prefer to speak of knowledge and practice rather than science and technology.Here I argue for the value of reinstating the terms science,techniques and technology as tools for a more precise analysis of governmentality and the workings of power.My tactic is to use these three categories and their articulations to highlight flows between matter and ideas in the production and reproduction of knowledge.In any society,agriculture offers a wonderfully rich case of how ideas,material goods and social relations interweave.In Chinaagronomy was a science of state,the basis of legitimate rule.I compare different genres of agronomic treatise to highlight what officials,landowners and peasants respectively contributed to,and expected from,this charged natural knowledge.I ask how new forms of textual and graphic inscription for encoding agronomic knowledge facilitated its dissemination and ask how successful this knowledge proved when rematerialized and tested as concrete artefacts or techniques.I highlight forms of innovation in response to crisis,and outline the overlapping interpretative frameworks within which the material applications of Chinese agricultural science confirmed and extended its truth across space and time.

关 键 词：中国科技史 科学 技艺 技术 政府治理 地方文化多样性 

分 类 号：C911[经济管理]