水生生物学科学前沿及热点问题  

Scientific frontiers and hot issues in hydrobiology

作　　者：桂建芳[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院水生生物研究所,淡水生态与生物技术国家重点实验室,武汉430072

出　　处：《科学通报》2015年第22期2051-2057,共7页Chinese Science Bulletin

摘　　要：鱼类遗传和鱼类免疫是水生生物学2个重要的中心议题.一些鱼类,如斑马鱼和青鳉等可作为研究遗传、发育和免疫等与生命相关科学问题的模型,斑马鱼等模型鱼类已成为生命科学、特别是脊椎动物进化发育生物学等重大发现的主角.随着重要养殖鱼类和水产动物全基因组研究的发展,一些与水产养殖相关的特殊生物学现象已从其进化适应的分子机制上得到了深入解析,并由此促进了2个现代的水产遗传育种生物技术,即基于分子模块设计育种体系和基于全基因组分型的选择育种途径的发展和应用.此外,鱼类及水产动物免疫机理与病害防控策略研究助推了脊椎动物发育和比较免疫学发展高潮的到来,也为抗病育种和病害防控提供了新的技术途径.总之,由于水产养殖已被认为是人类未来食物的重要来源,水生生物学的研究及其进步将是水产养殖可持续发展的源泉.Fish genetics and fish immunity are two central topics in hydrobiology. As some fish species including zebrafish and medaka are able to use models for genetics, development, immunity, and other life-related fundamental issues, zebrafish and other model fishes have become the leading players in many important findings of life sciences, especially in evolutionary developmental genomics of vertebrates. Along with complete genome analysis of several important fishes and other aquaculture animals, some special and aquaculture-related biological phenomena have been thoroughly resolved from molecular mechanisms for evolutionary adaption, and two modem breeding biotechnologies, such as molecular module-based designer breeding system and genome-wide genotyping-based selective breeding approach, have been developed and applied in aquaculture animals. Additionally, a series of significant breakthroughs in immune mechanisms and protective strategies of aquaculture fishes and animals have promoted the climax coming of developmental and comparative immunology in vertebrates, and provided new technological approaches for disease-resistant breeding and disease control. Altogether, these studies and advances will be the sources for sustainable aquaculture, as fishes and aquatic animals have been believed to be one of the most important sources of animal proteins for human.

关 键 词：水生生物学 模型鱼类 鱼类遗传 鱼类遗传育种 鱼类免疫 鱼类病害防控 

分 类 号：S917[农业科学—水产科学]