降雨和地形地貌对水文模型模拟结果的影响分析  

Impact and analysis of watershed precipitation and topography characteristics on model simulation results

作　　者：李致家[1] 姜婷婷[1] 黄鹏年[1] 刘志雨[2] 安冬[1] 姚成[1] 巨兴顺 

机构地区：[1]河海大学水文与水资源学院,江苏南京210098 [2]水利部水文局,北京100053 [3]陕西省水文局,陕西西安712000

出　　处：《水科学进展》2015年第4期473-480,共8页Advances in Water Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(41130639);水利部公益性行业科研专项经费资助项目(201301068)~~

摘　　要：概念性水文模型数量众多,判断模型是否适合研究流域可以通过模拟结果来体现,但是熟悉流域的产汇流特性可以筛选模型,从根源上大量减少工作量,也可以解决相似流域无资料的问题。选取6种概念性水文模型,以马渡王、板桥和志丹这3个半湿润与半干旱流域为研究区域,探讨流域特性与模型结构之间的关系,并通过降雨和地形地貌分析其对模型模拟结果的影响。研究结果表明,流域地形及植被对产汇流过程有重要影响,由于局部产流现象严重,河道坡度影响大于流域平均坡度,当区域气候条件相差不大时,地形地貌比降雨对流域产汇流特性影响更大。因此对于水文模型的选择,可以在熟悉流域产汇流特性的基础上因地制宜,必要时可以增加适合研究流域的模块来获得更好的预报,在半干旱与半湿润流域,同时具有蓄满和超渗机制的模型能得到更好的应用。Appropriate hydrological models for any given watersheds can be determined through the simulation performance of these models; however, well understanding the runoff generation characteristics of a given watershed can significantly reduce the workload to select the appropriate models from a large number of conceptual models for this watershed, also can solve the problem of hydrologically similar ungauged watersheds. In this study, we selected six conceptual hydrological models and applied them to three semi-humid and semi-arid watersheds to explore the relation- ships between model structures and watershed characteristics, and to analyze the impact of precipitation and topogra- phy on model simulation results. The results show that the topography and vegetation of watershed have important im- pacts on runoff generation and concentration. Due to the phenomenon of partial area runoff generation in such water- sheds, the impact of river slope is greater than that of watershed average slope. The underlying surface conditions have a larger effect than precipitation conditions when the catchments have similar climate. Therefore, we can choose the appropriate hydrological models to get better predictions according to known runoff characteristics of catchments. Mod- els with both saturation-excess and infiltration-excess mechanisms can be better used in the semi-humid and semi-arid catchments.

关 键 词：概念性水文模型 降雨径流关系 地形地貌特征 半湿润与半干旱 

分 类 号：P333[天文地球—水文科学]