平原灌区农田养分非点源污染研究进展  

A review on Non-point Source Nutrient Pollution of Irrigation Plain Areas

作　　者：郝韶楠[1,2] 李叙勇[1] 杜新忠[1,2] 张汪寿[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京 100085 [2]中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京100085

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2015年第7期1235-1244,共10页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：中国科学院重点部署项目课题(KZZD-EW-10-02);国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2012ZX07203003;2012ZX07029002)

摘　　要：平原灌区作为农业规模化生产的基地,在农业乃至经济社会发展中起到了重要作用,但是随着农业的发展,平原灌区农田非点源污染问题日益严重,研究平原灌区农田非点源污染具有重要意义。文章以平原灌区污染物随水文循环迁移过程为基础对平原灌区养分非点源污染研究进行综述。(1)平原灌区农田非点源污染的主要来源是过量的化肥施用,农药和农膜,秸秆等农作物的降解,牲畜粪便,污水灌溉,灌溉引起的盐渍化以及大气的干湿沉降等;产生及影响因素主要有土壤的理化性质,水分的输入方式和人为管理措施等。(2)降雨径流及灌溉排水条件下污染物在多级渠系中的迁移规律和灌区地表水与地下水的交互耦合作用决定了平原灌区农田非点源污染的输送途径与特征。(3)在监测资料比较缺乏时,采用输出系数法进行负荷估算;在监测资料充足情况下,采用针对灌区特殊的水文特征而改进的经典水文模型对平原灌区农田非点源污染的负荷进行估算。(4)新型肥料、配方施肥、合理的耕作措施及生态沟渠的设置有利于平原灌区农田非点源污染的控制,TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Loads)为平原灌区农田非点源污染控制提供可靠的依据。针对平原灌区非点源污染研究现状,提出了中国开展平原灌区农田非点源污染研究的重点,包括养分污染物在多级沟渠中的迁移,灌区地表与地下水水量水质耦合模型的建立,分级控制单元与TMDL的制定以及多模型结合模拟等,可望在控制农业非点源污染方面起到指导作用。Plain irrigation areas as the basis of agricultural large-scale production played an important role in agricultural, economic and social development. However, the seriousness of non-point source pollution in plain irrigation areas is increasing with the development of agriculture, and the research of this problem has important significance. This paper reviews the research of the plain irrigation non-point source pollution based on the process of pollution transport with water cycling： （1） The main sources of non-point source pollution are fertilizer, pesticide and agricultural films, waste material dropped by farm animals, soil salinization and atmospheric deposition （dry and wet）; the occurrence of plain irrigated farmland non-point sources pollution was affected by the physical and chemical properties of soil, water input pattern and artificial management measures. （2） The rainfall-runoff, pollution migration in multi-level irrigation and drainage system and the coupling interaction between ground water and surface water were the main characteristics of plain irrigated farmland non-point source pollution transport mechanism. （3） In order to estimate the load of plain irrigated farmland non-point source pollution, export coefficient model was used when there is a data shortage, whereas improved classical hydrological model was used when the data is adequate. And （4） the usage of preferred fertilizer compositions for special plant, reasonable soil and water conservation farming measures and ecology ditches were beneficial to the control of non-point source pollution in plain irrigated area. TMDL （Total Maximum Daily Load） plan can provide reliable basis for non-point source control in plain irrigated area. This paper has analyzed the problems that exist in the plain irrigated farmland non-point pollution at present, put forward suggestions for research priorities on this basis, including nutrient pollutants migration in the multi-stage ditches, irrigation water quantity and quality of su

关 键 词：平原灌区 农田 非点源 

分 类 号：X50[环境科学与工程—环境工程]