汉语反事实表达及其思维特点  

Counterfactual Expressions in Chinese and the Distinctive Thinking They Reflect

作　　者：袁毓林[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系、中国语言学研究中心,北京100871

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2015年第8期126-144,207,共19页Social Sciences in China

基　　金：国家社科基金重大招标项目“汉语国际教育背景下的汉语意合特征研究与大型知识库和语料库建设”(批准号12&ZD175);国家重点基础研究计划(973计划)项目课题“语言认知的神经机制”(2014CB340502)的资助

摘　　要：国外学者关于汉语母语者难以进行反事实表达理解和相应推理的实验存在争论。事实上,古代汉语和现代汉语中都有大量语法化的反事实条件句式,只是汉语研究者对这种句式的反事实语义特点不敏感。究其原因在于,汉语反事实条件句一般都有强烈的情感倾向(表示庆幸或遗憾),这强化了反事实思维的结果对比机制,弱化了其因果推理机制,最终掩盖了反事实思维在因果推理方面的逻辑力量,也在一定程度上遮蔽了其条件的反事实性。汉语的反事实表达及其背后的思维特点,反映了语言和思维之间的互相影响、互相塑造和互相推动。Scholars abroad disagree about an experiment that seemingly shows that it is hard for native speakers of Chinese to make or understand counterfactual statements or make corresponding inferences.In fact,both ancient and modern Chinese have a lot of syntactic counterfactual conditional structures,but scholars researching the Chinese language have not been sensitive to their counterfactual semantic traits.The reason is that counterfactual sentences usually show a strongly emotional character(expressing congratulations or regrets),which strengthens the mechanism for comparing consequences in counterfactual thinking and weakens that of causal inference.This conceals the logical strength of counterfactual thinking with regard to causal inference,obscuring to a certain extent the counterfactual nature of its conditionally.Counterfactual expressions in Chinese and the thinking that underlies them reflect the interaction between language and thought in a process of mutual shaping and progression.

关 键 词：汉语 反事实表达 情感倾向 语言和思维 

分 类 号：H14[语言文字—汉语]