保险法中的合理期待:从规则向原则的回归  

The Reasonable Expectation in Insurance Law:From Rules to Principles

作　　者：马宁[1] 

机构地区：[1]西北政法大学

出　　处：《比较法研究》2015年第5期76-88,共13页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：笔者主持的国家法治与法学理论项目"保险合同法结构性变革与制度创新"(13SFB3028)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：保护当事人合理期待是合同法隐含的基本原则,但20世纪70年代以来,美国法院开始将之作为解释保险合同时普遍适用的方法,据此否定合同中对承保范围的明确规定,重构合同权利义务。将这一作为兜底性条款的抽象法律原则事实上转化为优先适用的具体法律规则。这种做法既未能消减不公平条款,也有悖于保险营业的技术特性,因而不值采行。但另一方面,保险作为公共物品的属性和保险市场固有的结构性利益失衡表明,仍有必要实现合理期待从具体解释规则向如给付均衡一般的抽象矫正原则回归。这也可弥补基于给付均衡原则的司法审查不及于核心给付条款的局限。Protecting the reasonable expectations of parties is the basic principle implied in the contract law, but since the 1970s, the U. S. court began to take it as an interpretation method of widely used in the insurance contract. On the basis of it, the courts can deny coverage provisions in the con- tract and reconstruct the contract rights and obligations. In fact, it transfers abstract principle which can play supplement role into specific legal rules of being prevailingly used. This kind of practice not only fails to undercut existed unfair terms, but also goes against the technical characteristics of insurance bus- iness, so it isn＇ t worth adopting. But on the other hand, insurance, as the attribute of quasi - public goods, as well as inherent structural benefit imbalance of the insurance market shows that it is necessary to realize the reasonable expectation, returning from specific rules to general abstract correction principle such as payment balance of both parties. This can also fill the gap of fair judicial review based on pay- ment balance of both parties principles other than acting on the core payment terms.

关 键 词：合理期待 说明义务 不利解释 法律规则 法律原则 

分 类 号：D922.284[政治法律—经济法学]