神府矿区弃土弃渣体侵蚀特征及预测  

EROSION ON DUNES OF OVERBURDEN AND WASTE SLAG IN SHENFU COALFIELD AND PREDICTION

作　　者：郭明明[1] 王文龙[1,2] 李建明[3] 黄鹏飞 白芸[5] 史倩华 康宏亮[1] 李艳富[6] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100 [3]长江科学院水土保持研究所,武汉430010 [4]江西省水土保持科学研究院土壤侵蚀与防治重点实验室,南昌330029 [5]榆林学院生命科学学院,陕西榆林719000 [6]南京水利科学研究院,南京210029

出　　处：《土壤学报》2015年第5期1044-1057,共14页Acta Pedologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(40771127;41301299);水利部公益性行业专项(201201048;201201047);中国科学院西部行动计划项目(KZCX-XB3-13);中国科学院知识创新工程重大项目(KZZD-EW-04-03)项目资助

摘　　要：神府矿区在煤炭开采过程中形成了弃渣体、弃土体及扰动土体等不同下垫面类型，其物质组成、结构性及产流产沙规律与撂荒地有极大差异，且已产生严重的水土流失。采用野外模拟降雨试验方法，对比研究了弃土弃渣体、扰动土体与撂荒地侵蚀特征的差异。结果表明，（1）撂荒地侵蚀速率随降雨历时先下降后逐渐稳定，扰动土体侵蚀速率呈增大后趋于稳定；35°弃土体侵蚀速率增至峰值后减小并逐渐稳定，40°时则一直处于波动状态；石多砂少和砂多石少弃渣体在产流初期侵蚀波动剧烈，并伴有泥石流现象，15min后基本稳定。（2）同一下垫面侵蚀速率随雨强增大而增大，而各坡度间侵蚀速率差异不显著（P〉0．05）；雨强相同时各下垫面、坡度间侵蚀速率差异均显著（P〈0．05），复杂疏松的物质组成是弃土弃渣体及扰动土体侵蚀特殊于撂荒地的根本原因，相同降雨条件下石多砂少弃渣体、砂多石少弃渣体、弃土体及扰动土体侵蚀速率分别是撂荒地的6．51倍～14．25倍、57．91倍～239．2倍、43．60倍～180．1倍和2．27倍-3．06倍。（3）弃土弃渣体及扰动土体侵蚀速率与中值粒径、分形维数、降雨强度、坡度及径流参数呈幂函数关系。研究结果对矿区弃土弃渣侵蚀模型建立与生态环境建设有重要的科学意义。During the development and construction of the Shenfu coalfield, generated were large tracts of disturbed land, and large volumes of overburden and waste slag, which, unique in soil composition, complex in underlying surface layer and significantly different from deserted land, have become a major source of serious man-made soil and water loss. An artificially simulated rainfall experiment was carried out to explore characteristics of the erosion on the huge dunes of disturbed soil, overburden and/or waste slag, and methods to predict its occurrence, with a tract of deserted land as CK. Detailed field investigations found that the dunes of overburden and waste slag ranged from 33° to 40° in natural angle of repose and the tracts of disturbed soil and deserted lands ranged from 4° to 18° in slope, so in the experiment 35° and 40° were set for dunes and 5°, 10°, and 18° for slope of land. Plots in the experiment field were laid out to be 3m × 1m, each, and each had two sections set up for monitoring of water flow. Rainfall intensity in the experiment was designed to vary from 1.5 - 3.0 mm min^-1, forming four levels with an interval of 0.5 mm min^-1 between every two levels. Before the experiment, the rainfall intensity was calibrated repeatedly until uniformity coefficient of the rainfalls reached 85% or higher. Soil particle compositions of the plots were determined with the pipette method. And then fraetal dimension was figured out from soil particle composition to be 2.160, 2.164, 2.256, 2.379, and 2.566, respectively, for the dune of waste slag with less sand and more stone, the dune of waste slag with more sand and less stone, the dune of overburden, the tract of disturbed soil, and the tract of deserted land. Bulk density, porosity and moisture content of the soils were measured with the oven- drying method. During every rainfall, flow velocity was measured with the dye tracing method and width and depth of the flow with a thin steel rule. For the first 3 minutes of runoff, samples of runoff and se

关 键 词：神府矿区 弃土弃渣体 扰动土体 撂荒地 侵蚀速率 

分 类 号：S157.1[农业科学—土壤学]