制度变革与身份转型——清末新式司法官群体的组合、结构及问题  

Systemic Evolution and Identity Transformation-The Composition,Structure and Problems of the New Group of Judicial Officials in the Late Qing Period

作　　者：李在全[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院近代史研究所,副研究员北京100006

出　　处：《近代史研究》2015年第5期65-78,161,共14页Modern Chinese History Studies

摘　　要：光绪三十二年清政府设立大理院,中国新式司法官由此产生。宣统年间,司法官选任逐渐步入规范化的考选之途;经宣统二年全国规模的司法官考试,大批法政人员加入司法官队伍中。由于清末新政、立宪等制度变革,使很多传统人员实现了现代转型,从"旧人"变成"新人",新式司法官多半由传统的刑官,候选、候补等官员转变而来。新旧之别确存于清末司法官群体中,但实际上更多的是"新人不新"、"旧人不旧"。在民心思变、各方势力分化组合日益剧烈的清末时期,原本以化解社会纠纷、维护现存秩序为职责的司法官群体,很多未能安心其职,不少人成为革命者。从这一角度讲,清末司法官群体未免"貌合神离",仅具其"形"。通过分析该群体结构及问题,不难发现中国从传统到现代转变过程中人员是如何承续、转化的,变与不变是如何共生的。In the thirty-second year of Emperor Guangxu's reign,the Qing government established die Da Li Yuan,and from this system China's new type of judicial officials appeared.During Emperor Xuantong's reign,the selection of judicial officials gradually moved to a system of standard examinations.Through a nation-wide examination to select judicial officials in the second year of Emperor Xuantong,a large number of students specializing in law and politics entered the ranks of judicial officials.Because of the New Policies,constitutionalism,and other transformations in the governmental system,many traditional personnel pursued modern transformations,changing from ' old personnel' to a ' new type of person.' The majority of these ' new' judicial officials were former traditional criminal judges and candidates for official positions.The differences between new and old indeed existed in the judicial officials of the late Qing,but in fact the truth was that 'the new is not new and the old is not old.' In the late Qing period,when the people's moods were changing and the realignments and regroupings of various forces were increasingly fierce,the group of judicial officials whose original duties had been to resolve societal disputes and safeguard existing order failed to fulfill their responsibilities.Not a small number of them became revolutionaries.Looked at from this angle,this group of late-Qing judicial officials had the appearance of unity,but this was only a facade.By analyzing this group's structure and problems,we can easily discover how these officials endured and changed during the process of China's change from traditional to modem.We can also see how change and stability co-existed in this process.

关 键 词：清末新政 立宪运动 司法官 法律改革 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学]