人类活动对青藏高原胡兀鹫繁殖成功率和种群现状的影响  

Effects of Human Activities on the Breeding Success and Population Status of Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus barbatus in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

作　　者：苏化龙[1] 马强[2] 王英 果洛.周杰 

机构地区：[1]中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所国家林业局森林生态环境重点实验室,北京100091 [2]中国林业科学研究院荒漠化研究所,北京100091 [3]昆明市财经商贸学院,昆明650228 [4]年保玉则生态环境保护协会,久治624700

出　　处：《动物学杂志》2015年第5期661-676,共16页Chinese Journal of Zoology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(No.31071933);国家科技基础条件平台项目(No.2005DKA21404)

摘　　要：2010至2013年，对青藏高原4个省区（西藏、四川、青海、甘肃）中的7个胡兀鹫（Gypaetusbar batus barbatus）繁殖地进行了调查，结合1991至1992年的调查资料，获得的调查结果为：产卵期12月上旬至翌年1月末（12月7日至1月28日，n=4），孵化期为55～61d（n=3），窝卵数平均为1．9枚（n=14），测量3枚卵的平均长和宽分别为84．4mm（83．1～88-3mm）和68．0mm（67．0～70．0mm）。繁殖成功率为81．82％（2010～2012年，n=22）。巢址分布海拔为2600～4575m。在具有代表性的繁殖地内，繁殖对之间距离平均为35．84km（25．10～47．30km），领域平均面积为1284．51km0（630．01～2237．29km^2）。20年来（1990年以来）的种群结构变动为：胡兀鹫幼体数量比例从30．17％降低到16．67％，成鸟比例从61．21％提高到70．83％。采取与高山兀鹫（Gyps himalayensis）数量进行对比的方式，估算青藏高原250万km^2。面积的胡兀鹫种群数量少于1410个繁殖对。威胁胡兀鹫生存的因素可分为4大类：（1）非法猎捕，包括非法获取胡兀鹫观赏标本和传统医药，方式为枪击、毒饵、网套等；（2）间接伤害，主要为鼠药中毒，其次是因人类在被食肉兽咬死的家畜体中施放毒药或在家畜尸体边布放的兽铗而造成伤害；（3）基础设施建设导致的伤害，如输电线路和风电场导致胡兀鹫触电和碰撞，道路建设直接对其巢址生境的破坏和人为干扰增加等；（4）人类生产和生活方式变化产生的负面影响，如对体弱家畜的快速加工和对家畜胴体的彻底利用，导致胡兀鹫的食物来源减少，家畜疫病防治导致胡兀鹫蒙受残留药物的影响，在寒冷季节柔软巢材（如羊毛）的缺乏，降低了胡兀鹫对卵和幼雏的保暖能力。This paper presents data of 7 breeding sites of the bearded vulture （Gypaetus barbatus barbatus） in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau collected from 1991 to 1992 and from 2010 to 2013. The bearded vulture laid their eggs from early December to late January （from 7 December to 28 January, n = 4）. Mean clutch size was 1.9 and 85.71% of nests contained two eggs （n = 14）. The measurement of eggs （n = 3） were 84.4 mm （83.1 - 88.3 mm） in length and 68.0 mm （67.0 - 70.0 mm） in width. Breeding success were 81.82% （2010 - 2012, n = 22）. The nest sites was found out between 2 600 m to 4 575 m in altitude. The average distance between the breeding pairs was 35.84 km （25.10 - 47.30 km）, and average territorial area of each pair was 1 284.51 km2 （630.01 - 2 237.29 km2）. The proportion of juveniles was reduced from 30.17% to 16.67% during the past 20 years, and that of adults was increased from 61.21% to 70.83% （since 1990）. Referred to the breeding nests of the Himalayan griffon （Gyps himalayensis）, we estimated the population size of this species was less than 1 410 breeding pairs in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （about 2 500 000 kin2）. The bearded vulture has been threatened by 4 major categories： （1） hunting, including shooting, poisoning bait and trapping net etc. for the illegal acquisition of ornamental specimens and traditional medicine; （2） indirect unconscious poison by the rodenticide, anti-wolf poisoning activity, included snares set by the livestock carcass; （3） unexpective influence of infrastructure construction, such as power lines and the wind farm, road which either directly occupied their habitat or indirectly increase in human disturbance to the nesting area by easily to access; （4） the influence of modem production and way of life relate to the rapid handling the frail livestock and complete utilization of livestock carcass in which reduce their food source; livestock disease control from which the residual medicine make the bearded vulture weak. In

关 键 词：胡兀鹫 繁殖 种群现状 种群结构变化 致危因素 青藏高原 

分 类 号：Q958.1[生物学—动物学]