不同降水年型旱地小麦覆盖对产量及水分利用效率的影响  

Effects of Mulching on Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Dryland Wheat in Different Rainfall Years

作　　者：高艳梅[1] 孙敏[1] 高志强[1] 崔凯[1] 赵红梅[1] 杨珍平[1] 郝兴宇[1] 

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学农学院,山西太谷030801

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2015年第18期3589-3599,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31101112);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项经费(CARS-03-01-24);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303104);山西省科技攻关项目(20140311008-3)

摘　　要：【目的】明确旱地麦田休闲期覆盖的蓄水增产效果和生育期覆盖播种的节水增产效果,探索旱地小麦不同降水年型休闲期覆盖和生育期覆盖的保水技术新途径。【方法】于2011—2014年在山西闻喜县开展大田试验,以休闲期覆盖渗水地膜与不覆盖为主区,以生育期膜际条播、条播为副区,研究覆盖对旱地麦田3 m内土壤水分、小麦产量构成、水分利用效率和节水增产效率的影响。【结果】休闲期覆盖较不覆盖处理提高了播种期0—300 cm土层土壤蓄水量,丰水年达40—41 mm,平水年达55—58 mm,欠水年达70 mm,且欠水年更有利于蓄积土壤水分于深层,显著提高了不同降水年型休闲期土壤蓄水效率,达到20%以上,其覆盖的蓄水效果可延续至孕穗期,且生育期配套膜际条播效果更佳。休闲期覆盖较不覆盖处理显著提高小麦穗数、产量和水分利用效率,产量提高20%以上,水分利用效率提高15%以上,且生育期配套膜际条播小麦穗粒数、千粒重也显著提高。结果还表明,休闲期覆盖处理小麦播种期土壤水分每多蓄1 mm,丰水年小麦可增产21—27kg·hm-2,平水年可增产16—18 kg·hm-2,欠水年可增产13—24 kg·hm-2,且休闲期覆盖条件下,生育期膜际条播播种对产量的提升有较大的调控作用。生育期地膜覆盖保水后,旱地麦田节水、增产效果提高,单位粮食生产节水量提高10%以上,消耗1 mm土壤水分产量提高11%以上。【结论】旱地小麦休闲期覆盖有利于蓄积休闲期降雨,改善底墒,尤其欠水年蓄水效果更佳,有利于提高小麦花前土壤水分,促进有效穗数的形成,提高产量,且生育期膜际条播播种效果更佳。底墒充足时,生育期膜际条播播种有利于提高旱地麦田的节水增产效果,而欠水年底墒不足时,会导致水分浪费和减产。[ Objective ] In order to find out the effects of mulching in a fallow period on water storage and high production and to investigate the effects of mulching in a growth period on water-saving and yield promotion, find a new technique of dryland water retention through mulching in a fallow period and growth period in different rainfall years. [Method] The experiment was carded out from 2011 to 2014 years in Wenxi, Shanxi province, and utilized the split-plot design with mulching methods in a fallow period as the main plots and sowing patterns in a growth period （FM and DS） as subplots, to study the effects of mulching on soil water storage at the depth of 0-300 cm , wheat yield components, water use efficiency, water-saving, and yield promotion. [Result] Compared with no mulching treatment, mulching in a fallow period improved the soil water storage at the depth of 0-300 cm at the sowing stage. It was increased 40-41 mm in a humid year, 55-58 mm in a normal year, and 70 mm in a dry year, and more water was stored in deep layers in a dry year. Mulching in a fallow period increased water storage efficiency in a fallow period by more than20% in different rainfall years, and its effects of water-saving lasted from the sowing stage to the booting stage, and the FM in the growth period had better effects. Compared with no mulching treatment, mulching in a fallow period increased wheat spike number, yield, and water use efficiency significantly, yield was improved more than 20%, while water use efficiency was improved more than 15%. With mulching in a fallow period and FM in a growth period, wheat grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight increased significantly. The result also showed that with mulching treatment in a fallow period, soil water in sowing period increased 1 mm can improved the yield by 21-27 kg-hm2 in a humid year, 16-18 kg.hm2 in a normal year and 13-24 kg-hm2 in a dry year, and at the condition of mulching in fallow period, FM in a growth period had better effects on yield improving. FM in a gro

关 键 词：降水年型 旱地小麦 覆盖 土壤水分 产量 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]