单粒精播对超高产花生群体结构和产量的影响  

Effects of Single-Seed Precision Sowing on Population Structure and Yield of Peanuts with Super-High Yield Cultivation

作　　者：张佳蕾[1] 郭峰[1] 杨佃卿 孟静静[1] 杨莎[1] 王兴语 陶寿祥[1] 李新国[1] 万书波[1] 

机构地区：[1]山东省农业科学院生物技术研究中心/山东省作物遗传改良与生态生理重点实验室,济南250100 [2]莒南县花生产业发展办公室,山东临沂276600

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2015年第18期3757-3766,共10页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31571581;31571605);国家科技支撑计划(2014BAD11B04);山东省自然科学基金(ZR2011CQ042);山东省自主创新成果转化重大专项(2012ZHZXIA0418);山东省农业重大应用技术创新课题;现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-14);山东省农业科学院科技创新重点项目(2014CXZ06-6);院青年基金(2015YQN12)

摘　　要：【目的】在超高产地力条件下,研究单粒精播对花生个体发育与群体结构的影响,探讨超高产花生理想株型和合理群体构建,进一步挖掘花生的高产潜力。【方法】以普通大花生品种花育22号(HY22)为试验材料,分别在平度古岘镇、莒南板泉镇、冠县梁堂乡和宁阳葛石镇设置4块春花生超高产试验点,每个试验点安排单粒精播(SS)和双粒穴播(DS)2种种植方式。分别于开花期、结荚期、饱果期和成熟期对各试验点不同播种方式的花生进行植株性状考察,于成熟期对单株结果数、幼果数、秕果数、饱果数、双仁果数和经济系数等进行考察,收获时组织专家进行实收测产。【结果】(1)各试验点单粒精播花生的荚果平均产量比双粒穴播高13.92%,单株结果数显著增加是增产的原因,其中单粒精播每公顷果数(幼果除外)最高达到592.5万个。(2)生育前期单粒精播花生的主茎高、侧枝长、主茎节数、主茎绿叶数、分枝数、根冠比和叶面积系数均显著高于双粒穴播,有利于提早封垄,能有效增加光合面积。(3)成熟期单粒精播花生主茎绿叶数显著高于双粒穴播,有效光合时间得到了延长。(4)单粒精播条件下各试验点花生饱果期的单株果重与主茎高和侧枝长成负相关,与分枝数和叶面积系数呈显著正相关。(5)单产水平最高的莒南试验点,其单粒精播花生成熟期的单株果重与叶面积系数和经济系数极显著正相关。【结论】超高产条件下花生存在地上部冗余现象,单粒精播方式对合理优化超高产花生群体结构效果显著,分枝数是影响单粒精播花生单株果重的重要因素,而增加结果数提高经济系数则是其进一步增产的关键。[Objective] While the population quality declined and the yield decreased of double-seed sowing peanuts in a super-high yield condition, single-seed planting can alleviate the contradiction between population and individuals, to realize a high yield of peanuts. Research was conducted on the effects on peanut ontogeny and population structure under single-seed planting, to explore the ideal plant type and super-high yield peanut reasonable group construction, to further increase the latent capacity of high-yield. [Method] In 2014, four parcels of super high yield experimental fields of spring peanuts were established in Pingdu, Junan, Guanxian, and Ningyang, respectively. Peanut cultivar Huayu 22 was used as materials to study the differences between single-seed sowing （SS） and double-seed sowing （DS） modes on individual development, population structure, and yield. The investigation of plant trait was conducted on anthesis, pod-setting, pod-filling and maturity period in different trial locations,respectively. At maturity period, the investigation was further conducted on the number of the pod, young pod, immature pod, full pod, tow kernel pod and economic coefficient, respectively. When harvested, experts were organized to conduct on predict 2（ield with specific area. [ Result ] The pod yield of S S peanuts at each test point was significantly higher than that of D S peanuts, and the average increased by 13.92%. The increase was mainly due to the increase of the pod numbers per plant, the group pod number per hectare （except inunmature ones） was up to 5925 000. Simutaneously, the main stem height, lateral branch length, node number of main stem, leaf number of main stem, branch number, root-shoot ratio, and leaf area index of SS peanuts were significantly higher than those of DS peanuts at the early growing stage, these helped SS peanuts to seal the ridge earlier and increased the effective photosynthetic area. More leaves on the main stem of SS peanuts than those of DS peanuts at the maturity stag

关 键 词：花生 单粒精播 超高产 个体发育 群体结构 

分 类 号：S565.2[农业科学—作物学]