论秦汉时期的正卒与材官骑士  

On the Zhengzu and Caiguan-Qishi during the Qin and Han Dynasties

作　　者：王彦辉[1] 

机构地区：[1]东北师范大学历史文化学院,教授长春130024

出　　处：《历史研究》2015年第4期54-71,190,共18页Historical Research

基　　金：2013年度国家社会科学基金项目"秦汉庶民社会管理模式新论"(项目号13BZS023)的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：秦汉时期的正卒即丁男,亦即后世的正丁。材官骑士是从丁男中遴选出来的郡国兵,骑士选拔的条件是壮健捷疾,具备一定的家赀;材官应选的条件是能引关蹶张,不受家赀限制。材官骑士一生集中服二年兵役为"现役",其中一年在地方服役称"常兵"或"郡国兵",一年到京师屯卫称"卫士";预备役期间各执其业,战时应征赴难。一般正卒不服地方兵役,只服一年的"戍边"兵役,社会治安由选自材官骑士的亭卒负责。戍卒与卫士由关东郡国轮更,集中往返于戍所,戍卒自戍或"累积"完成戍役只能视为极其个别的现象。Zheng zu(正卒) in the Qin and Han dynasties referred to ding nan(丁男 adult man),also known as zheng ding(正丁) in later generations.Cai guan(材官 infantryman) and qi shi(骑士cavalryman) were prefecture and county soldiers who were selected from ding nan.A qi shi was required to be strong,quick,and wealthy to some extent,while a cai guan was selected according to his ability to draw a bow,regardless of how much money he had.Cai guan and qi shi were 'on the active list' during their two consecutive years in service,of which one year was spent serving as a 'general soldier(常兵)' or 'prefecture and county soldier(郡国兵)',and the other year was spent as a 'bodyguard' in the capital city.During reserve duty they could pursue their own occupations,but they would be recruited immediately war broke out.Generally,a zheng zu did not take local military duties but one-year 'border' duties,and public security was maintained by ting zu(亭卒) who were selected from cai guan and qi shi.Frontier soldiers and prefectural and county garrison in Guandong area took regular turns in the frontier areas.Rarely could a frontier soldier finish his border service by self-arrangement or by time accumulation.

关 键 词：秦汉兵役制度 正卒 材官骑士 屯戍制度 

分 类 号：K232[历史地理—历史学]