基因改造生物环境污染损害的私法救济  

Civil Relief for GMOs Environmental Damage

作　　者：王康[1] 

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院,上海201701

出　　处：《法律科学（西北政法大学学报）》2015年第5期148-162,共15页Science of Law：Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目(13CFX096)"基因污染的法律防范与损害救济机制研究";上海市教育委员会科研创新项目(14YS153)

摘　　要：基因污染在法律上应被视为危险行为,在损害形态上表现为生态损害与传统损害的典型复合,同时体现了损害危险、损害风险的意义。我国现行侵权法规范只能在解释论的基础上有限地回应基因污染损害的救济,但存在固有的障碍。在生态文明建设进程中,因应基因技术对法律理性的挑战,我国未来侵权法秩序应吸收风险责任理念,确立风险预防和社会共存原则,以实现技术进步与风险控制之平衡。应通过管制法对经营者施加高度注意义务,对基因污染损害预防的风险成本进行公平分配,并在私法中构建作为危险责任的基因污染责任,在一定条件下将环境权纳入法益序列,把生态损害纳入侵权法可予救济的范围。通过制定基因技术法对包括基因污染责任在内的综合救济体系进行一揽子规定,是立法论上有关基因改造生物环境污染损害救济的最优方案。China has already adopted ＂active research, precautionary promotion and ensuring safety＂ as the basic policy on genetically modified organisms （GMOs）. GMOs environmental pollution （genetic pollution） is one of the security issues, and has many unique problems as a typical risk of modern risk society. Genetic pollution should be considered a dangerous activity in tort law. Genetic pollution damage includes the forms of ecological damage and traditional damage, and reflects the meaning of danger and risk of damage. However, the China current tort law has inherent obstacles in response to the relief for genetic pollution damage through legal interpretation. In the process of promoting ecological civilization, and coping with the challenges on legal reason from genetic technology, the future orders of tort law should absorb the philosophy of risk liability, establish the principles of risk precaution and social coexistence, in order to balance technological progress and risk control. The high standards of duty of care should be applied on GMOs operator by administrative regulations, and the risk prevention costs for genetic pollution damage should be distributed equitably. On the other hand, genetic pollution liability as a dangerous liability should be constructed in private law, and under certain conditions, the right to environment should be included in legal interests sequence, while the ecological damage should be included in the remedies scope of tort law. It＇s an optimal legislative solution to establish a comprehensive damage relief system of GMOs environmental pollution, including genetic pollution liability, by the future Genetic Technology Act.

关 键 词：基因改造技术 基因污染 转基因生物 风险责任 基因污染责任 

分 类 号：D923.1[政治法律—民商法学]