适宜施氮量保证滴灌日光温室黄瓜番茄产量降低土壤盐分及氮残留  

Optimal nitrogen application rate to ensure cucumber and tomato yield with drip irrigation in greenhouse and to reduce soil salinity and nitrate residue

作　　者：王丽英[1,2] 武雪萍[3] 张彦才[2] 李若楠[2] 陈丽莉[2] 陈清[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193 [2]河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所,石家庄050051 [3]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2015年第17期91-98,共8页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划(2012BAD14B07-05);国家重点基础研究发展计划(2007CB109305);现代农业产业技术体系果类蔬菜北京市创新团队土肥水岗位科学家项目

摘　　要：农民传统过量肥水供应可能导致土壤氮素和盐分积累,滴灌施肥能在根区精确供应肥水以满足作物需求。为明确膜下滴灌日光温室黄瓜-番茄轮作体系氮素供应对土壤氮残留、电导率及作物产量和根干质量的影响,该研究设计空白(NN)、有机肥对照(MN)、优化供氮(RN)、高量供氮(HN)、传统供氮(CN)5个处理,进行了2008-2010年6季田间试验。结果表明,随着氮素供应量的增加,根层土壤硝态氮和电导率显著增加,CN处理加快并加剧了土壤硝态氮和盐分积累。3个黄瓜-番茄轮作周期,氮素供应RN、HN、CN处理的土壤硝态氮平均分别为176.9、346.6、500.8 kg/hm2,CN处理是RN处理的2.83倍(P<0.05)。3a黄瓜季RN、HN、CN处理的土壤硝态氮积累量平均分别为-1.87、-49.61、-3.52 kg/hm2、番茄季分别为74.89、225.23、343.15 kg/hm2,CN处理积累量是RN处理的4.58倍(P<0.05)。3个轮作周期后,RN、HN、CN处理比试验前的土壤硝态氮残留增加了219.1、526.9、1 018.9 kg/hm2,平均每个轮作周期增加73.0、175.6、339.6 kg/hm2,CN处理是RN处理的4.65倍(P<0.05)。3个轮作季后,NN、MN、RN、HN、CN处理土壤电导率分别为433.8、681.5、824.5、927.5、1 120.0μS/cm,RN、HN、CN处理显著高于MN、NN处理(P<0.05)。2008年番茄季、2009黄瓜季、2009番茄季、2010番茄季拉秧后的土壤电导率差异显著,CN处理是RN处理的1.15、1.29、1.40、1.36倍(P<0.05),表明RN处理可显著降低土壤次生盐渍化的风险。每个轮作周期的土壤硝态氮、电导率动态变化均存在2个积累时期,分别在7月初-8月初的夏季休闲和9月初-11月中旬的番茄结果期。总之,优化供氮比传统供氮减施氮肥66.7%,显著降低土壤硝态氮残留和土壤电导率,保证黄瓜番茄产量不减,将为日光温室黄瓜番茄轮作体系滴灌施肥制度提供科学依据。In traditional irrigation and fertilization practices, excessive water and fertilizers often cause soil salinity accumulation in greenhouse vegetable production. Drip irrigation is one of methods to accurately supply water and nutrient in root zone to meet crop needs. To determine effects of N application rate on soil NO-3-N, soil electrical conductivity（EC）, yield and root dry matter in greenhouse cucumber and tomato rotation, six-season experiments were conducted with drip irrigation under plastic film in greenhouse from 2008 to 2010. The experiment site was Mazhuang Experiment Station（37°18′ N, 115°28′ E） in Xinji city, Hebei province, China. Five treatments of no N fertilizer（NN）, manure N（MN）, optimal N（RN）, high N（HN） and traditional N（CN） with 3 replicates each were designed. Chicken manure application rate（30 t/hm^2） was applied only before cucumber season in 2008. The chemical N application rate was 0, 300, 600, 900 kg/hm^2 in winter-spring cucumber season and 0, 225, 450, 675 kg/hm^2 in fall-winter tomato season for NN, RN, HN, and CN, respectively. The yield, root dry matter, soil NO-3-N, and EC were measured. The results showed that soil NO-3-N and EC were significantly increased with the increase of N rate. The CN treatment accelerated and increased the soil NO-3-N accumulation and soil salinity. During the 3 cucumber and tomato rotations, the average soil NO-3-N content of RN, HN, and CN treatments was 176.9, 346.6, and 500.8 kg/hm^2, respectively. The content of CN treatment was 2.83 times as high as RN（P〈0.05）. In cucumber season, soil NO-3-N accumulation of RN, HN and CN treatments were-1.87,-49.61, and-3.52 kg/hm^2, respectively, but 74.89, 225.23, 343.15 kg/hm^2 in tomato season, respectively. The CN treatment was 4.58 times as high as RN（P〈0.05）. After 3 rotations, soil NO-3-N residual of RN, HN, and CN treatment was 219.1, 526.9, 1028.9 kg/hm^2 higher than before experiment, and increased by 73.0, 175.6, 339.6 kg·hm^-2 in each rotation. The C

关 键 词：日光温室 氮肥 土壤 硝态氮 电导率 根干质量 

分 类 号：S275.6[农业科学—农业水土工程] S625.5[农业科学—农业工程]