麦秸还田配施基蘖氮肥提高机插超级粳稻分蘖成穗及产量  

Wheat straw returned combined with nitrogen as base fertilizers and topdressing at tiller stage improving the tiller emergency, earbearing traits and yield for machine-transplanted super japonica rice

作　　者：熊瑞恒 杭玉浩 王强盛[1] 许国春[1] 刘欣[1] 武皞 

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学农业部作物生理生态与生产管理重点实验室,南京210095

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2015年第18期136-146,共11页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：中央财政农业技术推广项目(TG(14)013;TG(14)027);江苏省科技支撑重大项目(BE2013355);江苏省农业三新工程项目(SXGC[2014]128)

摘　　要：为探究麦秸还田量与不同氮素基蘖肥比例配施对机插超级稻分蘖形成、成穗及产量的影响,在2013年、2014年通过田间小区试验,以超级稻南粳9108为试验材料,在总施氮量300 kg/hm2、氮素穗肥120 kg/hm2的条件下,设计5个氮素基蘖肥比例(基肥:分蘖肥为0∶180 kg/hm2、45 kg/hm2∶135 kg/hm2、90 kg/hm2∶90 kg/hm2、135 kg/hm2∶45 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2∶0)和3个麦秸还田量(麦秸还田量分别为0、3 000、6 000 kg/hm2),试验分析各处理机插超级稻的分蘖发生和成穗特性,并在成熟期测定产量结构。结果表明,无秸秆还田处理的机插超级稻主茎一次分蘖发生的起始蘖位为3/0,分蘖发生的主要蘖位为4/0、5/0、6/0、7/0,发生率在73.17%以上;秸秆还田处理的机插超级稻主茎一次分蘖发生的起始蘖位为4/0,分蘖发生的主要蘖位为5/0、6/0、7/0,麦秸还田处理降低了机插超级稻低位分蘖发生率;机插超级稻5/0和6/0蘖位分蘖发生率为100%,不受氮素基蘖肥比例的影响,其他蘖位的分蘖发生率则随着氮素基肥比例增加、蘖肥比例下降而下降;麦秸还田处理降低了机插水稻的分蘖发生率,进而使得成熟期有效穗数减少,但穗粒数、结实率、千粒质量、穗质量及实际产量增加;氮素基肥比例增加促进了单个分蘖每穗粒数和穗质量提高;该试验条件下,氮素基肥45 kg/hm2、分蘖肥135 kg/hm2处理产量最高。该研究揭示了超级粳稻分蘖成穗规律及合理氮素管理,为大面积机插超级粳稻高产高效种植提供技术依据。The tiller emergency and ear bearing traits of super rice have important influence on actual yield. With the transfer of rural labor and the integration of farming machine and agronomy, rice planting mechanization has become a dominated developing direction and key technology for modern agriculture in China. Rice-wheat rotation is the main mode in farming system of China, every year large amount of straw is produced by wheat planting, and the returning of straw has become the most direct and sustainable technical method to the comprehensive utilization of straw. The application of nitrogen is an important measure in improving rice yield, however, the unreasonable application is unfavorable for the growth of rice and the utilization efficiency of nitrogen. At present, the research about the tiller emergency and ear bearing traits of machine-transplanted super rice under the growing condition of straw returning and nitrogen management is still scare. In order to analyze the effects of different amount of returned wheat straw treatments and different ratio of basic and tiller nitrogen on tiller emergency, ear bearing and yield composition of machine-transplanted super rice, the experiment took the super rice Nanjing 9108 as experimental materials, and designed 5 treatments with different ratios of basic and tiller nitrogen and 3 treatments with different wheat straw returned amounts. Under the condition that the total nitrogen application amount was 300 kg/hm2 and the panicle nitrogen was 120 kg/hm2, the ratios of basic and tiller nitrogen were 0：180, 45：135, 90：90, 135：45 and 180 ：0 respectively （unit： kg/hm2）, and the amounts of the returned straw were 0, 3 000 and 6 000 kg/hm2. The study was done in a field plot experiment to survey the tiller traits and the yield composition at mature stage of machine-planted super rice in 2013 and 2014. The result showed that the tiller starting position of the primary tiller emergency for main stems of non-straw returned machine-transplanted super rice was 3/0,

关 键 词：秸秆 农业机械 作物 基蘖氮肥 分蘖成穗 产量 

分 类 号：S511.4[农业科学—作物学]