陕西东龙山遗址环境变迁与考古文化更替  

Environmental change and the archaeological culture sequences in the Dong Longshan area of Shaanxi Province

作　　者：祝一志[1] 杨亚长 康志海[1,3] 程鹏[1,3] 余华贵[4] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地球环境研究所黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室,西安710075 [2]陕西省考古研究院,西安710054 [3]西安加速器质谱中心,西安710052 [4]延长石油(集团)有限责任公司研究院,西安710075

出　　处：《地球环境学报》2011年第4期479-487,共9页Journal of Earth Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(41023006);中国科学院地球环境研究所知识创新领域前沿项目(LYQY0654099039);黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室经费资助

摘　　要：自然环境变迁影响古代文明的发展与更替,被越来越多的学者所关注和认可。本文对陕西省商洛市东龙山遗址从仰韶、龙山文化至夏、商、周代时期连续的文化遗存和全新世黄土-古土壤序列进行了磁化率测量、孢粉分析、动物化石分类鉴定,考古遗址调查和^(14)C加速器测年,为的是进一步探讨环境变迁与考古文化更替之间的内在联系。在该遗址区域内分别选定3个全新世黄土-古土壤剖面和考古遗址采集样品,进行高精度^(14)C加速器测年,根据测年数据建立合适的贝叶斯校正模型,以此进行^(14)C系列样品的贝叶斯校正,首次建立了该地区全新世黄土-古土壤地层和考古遗址的^(14)C年代序列。马兰黄土与全新世黄土-古土壤交界处的^(14)C年龄为9470~9130 cal BP,复合古土壤下部形成时期为8020~7940 cal BP:复合古土壤上部形成时期为4970~4840 cal BP;新黄土开始堆积时间为2960~2840 cal BP。仰韶文化始于复合古土壤下部形成之后:龙山文化始于复合古土壤上部形成时期;夏、商代始于4080~3840 cal BP;周代始于新黄土开始堆积时间。通过对东龙山地区环境代用指标的分析,揭示了该地区进入全新世初期时,气候逐渐转暖,此后古土壤开始发育,仰韶文化、龙山文化和夏代、商代文化繁盛期的出现均与温暖湿润的气候环境相关联,自周代以后,气候转为干冷,开始堆积新黄土。而在仰韶文化与龙山文化交替时段(5000 cal BP),龙山文化与夏代、商代交替时段(4000 cal BP)以及周代晚期(3000 cal BP)发生的降温事件在全球均有记录,这3次短暂而突然的气候降温事件的交替出现,导致温度和降水逐渐下降和减少,促进了古人类文明发展的兴衰更替。Many researchers recognize and note that natural environment change influences the development and alternation of ancient civilizations. In order to further explore the internal relations between environmental changes and alternation of archaeological culture, we chose excellent profiles that have continuous cultural relics existing in the Yangshao, Longshan civilization to the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasty and Holocene loess-paleosol sequence in Shangluo city, Shaanxi Province. A series of research including magnetic susceptibility measurements, pollen analysis, animal fossils identification, investigation of archaeological sites and AMS （Accelerated Mass Spectrometry） ^14C dating have been carried out. Samples were collected from three loess-palaosol profiles and archaeological sites for high-precision ^14C dating. The ^14C chronological frame was reconstructed after calibrating the ^14C age by using Bayesian analysis. The calibration age of transition between Malan loess and Holocene of loess-palaesol is 9470～9130 cal BP. The lower unit of paleosol complex formed 8020～7940 cal BP, the upper formed 4970～4840 cal BP. New loess began to accumulate since 2960～2840 cal BP. After formation of the lower unit of paleosol complex, Yangshao civilization arose. During the formation of the upper paleosol complex, Longshan civilization appeared. Xia, Shang Dynasty started from 4080～3840 cal BP. New loess began to accumulate from Zhou dynasty. Through the analysis of the climatic proxies, indicated climate gradually turned to warm since the beginning of Holocene, well-developed palaeosol began to form. The appearance of cultural flowering period of Yangshao civilization, Longshan civilization, Xia, Shang, Zhou, was associated with warm and humid climate. From Zhou Dynasty, climate turned to cold and dry, new loess began to deposit. The cooling events can be found at the period of the alternation between Yangshao civilization and Longshan civilization（5000 cal BP） , Longshan civilization and Xia, Shang dynast

关 键 词：全新世地层 东龙山遗址 ^14C测年 环境变迁 历史更替 

分 类 号：K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] P532[历史地理—历史学]