汉语谓词性成分的时间参照及其句法后果  

Time Reference and Its Syntactic Effects in Mandarin Chinese

作　　者：郭锐[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系/中国语言学研究中心

出　　处：《世界汉语教学》2015年第4期435-449,共15页Chinese Teaching in the World

摘　　要：现代汉语谓词性成分的时间参照有两种:(一)内部参照:以句中的后续动作发生的时间为参照。(二)外部参照:以外部世界的自然时间过程中的某一时刻为参照。外部参照使句子表示的状况在现实世界中定位,而内部参照只显示句子内部多个状况之间的时间关系,与现实世界的时间无关。从时间参照角度可以解释"了、着、过"的语义功能,带"了1""着""过1"的VP之所以不能结句,是因为缺乏外部参照。带"了1""着""过1"的VP要站得住,需添加给它提供时间参照的成分,如后续的VP、数量短语,或者添加外部时间参照的"了2""呢"。现代汉语小说中的叙述句有"了1"结句的情况,这种用法的"了1"正在演变为过去时的标记。Predicative constituents in modern Chinese carry two types of time references,the internal time reference,which refers to the time of an event within the sentence,and the external time reference,a certain point on the natural time axis of the world.While the external time reference locates the event that a sentence expresses in the realistic world,the internal time reference shows the temporal relations of different events within a sentence which have no connection with the timing of the realistic world.Then the semantic function of le,zhe andɡuo can be explained from the perspective of time reference.The reason that sentences with VPs carrying le1,zhe andɡuo1are not accepted as full sentences is the absence of an external time reference.Only when time referencing elements such as a following VP,a numeral phrase or an external time referencing le2 or ne are added can these VPs are taken as full sentences.Narrative sentences ending in le1 have been found in modern Chinese novels,which indicates that this usage of le1 is in the process of evolving into a past tense marker.

关 键 词：体标记“了” 时间参照 现实句 结句 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]