工业生产安全监管的制度困境与替代方案--从实验主义治理视角看天津爆炸事件  

The Predicament of Industrial Safety Regulation and Alternative Governance Planning:Observation of Tianjin Blasts Based on Experimentalist Governance

作　　者：董春晓[1] 

机构地区：[1]清华大学公共管理学院

出　　处：《宏观质量研究》2015年第3期49-55,共7页Journal of Macro-quality Research

摘　　要：近年来,中国工业生产安全事故频发,频繁的运动式全行业排查也并未有效降低事故发生的频率。人们对于爆炸——排查——爆炸的间次发生规律已渐渐形成了某种心理预期,这种看似"命定式"的灾难感所反映的正是我国现有的命令—控制型监管模式在守护公共安全方面失效。传统治理方式强调对于指定性行为的关注与遵循,无法有效地提取不确定环境中的弱信号,工业生产中细微的操作故障都可能变为灾难,需要根据环境的变化来做出动态的调整,而这是命令—控制型监管模式所难以实现的。生产者和监管者如果设定了一个所谓的理想化常规,那么终将演变为一种灾难性的不可信。要克服现有监管制度结构无法满足安全生产的现实要求的矛盾,亟需建立一套替代性的具有系统学习能力的监管组织形态,应对日益增加的不确定性的冲击。实验主义由于其对可靠性的追求成为首选的备选方案,并且在国外实践中已经广泛应用于核能、食品安全、航空航天等多个领域,取得了良好的成效。标杆管理,高可靠性组织的实验主义治理范式更是对当下中国工业安全生产具有直接的借鉴价值。In recent years,production safety accidents in China take place frequently.Campaign-style governance does not effectively control accident frequency.It becomes a psychological expectation that there is an explosion after security investigation.The pre-judging of regularity of industry accident outbreak reveals an important problem which is the incompetence of command-and- control regulation in supporting public safety.Traditional regulation model is prescriptive regulatory institutional model,mainly concentrating on the prescriptive standard and can＆#39;t extract weak signals from the diverse and changeable world.It may become disastrously unreliable if regulators or workers assume that invariant success is the result of following invariant routines.A new kind of regulation needs to be designed for overcoming the problem of prescriptive regulation in responding to ignorance and uncertainty.Experimentalist governance aiming at robustness is a more promising approach in the growing realm of policy challenges characterized by uncertainty about both the definition of the relevant problems and the solutions,which is widely applied in many policy areas such as nuclear energy,food safety and aerospace.Benchmarking management and High Reliability Organizations （HROs）would have some referential value for industrial security in China.

关 键 词：工业生产安全 实验主义治理 命令控制型监管 

分 类 号：X931[环境科学与工程—安全科学]