秦始皇帝陵土遗址可溶盐特征与脱盐试探  

The characteristics of the main dissolved salt and the desalination experiments in Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses of Emperor Qin Shihuang Mausolesum Site

作　　者：吕功煊[1] 张尚新 钱玲[1] 夏寅[2] 胡红岩[1] 容波[2] 周铁[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所,羰基合成与选择氧化国家重点实验室,兰州730000 [2]秦始皇帝陵博物院陶质彩绘文物保护国家文物局重点科研基地,陕西临潼710600

出　　处：《自然杂志》2015年第5期341-347,共7页Chinese Journal of Nature

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划(973项目)(2012CB720905)资助

摘　　要：介绍了秦始皇兵马俑可溶盐赋存特征和主要盐害类型特点。土遗址盐害部位主要存在的可溶盐是Na2SO4和Na Cl。除此之外,样品可溶盐中还含有少量钾盐及微量硝酸盐,而微溶盐分主要为Ca SO4以及少量镁盐。Na2SO4对土遗址损害的表现形式与Na Cl有很大不同,它具有超强的穿透、迁移能力及结晶破坏能力,盐害多表现为酥碱、起甲和块状剥落。硫酸盐的破坏与Na2SO4存赋温度、环境温度及湿度的变化密切相关,易引发盐害区域为32.4℃以下的温度区间的温度变化及40%以上的干湿度循环交变。用模拟试块模拟了盐害发生的现象和可溶盐运移规律,并选取半封闭式博物馆遗址秦始皇兵马俑K9901陪葬坑,应用适用于土遗址本体盐害防治的新型脱盐材料进行了脱盐示范试验,取得了良好的脱盐结果。In this paper, the characteristics of the main dissolved salt elements and their contents in Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses of Emperor Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Site were presented. Na2SO4 and NaCl are main deterioration salts, in addition, small amount of K and Ca sulfate and nitrate were also found. Amount of Mg sulfate was detected. The demage of Na2SO4 was very different from that of NaCl. Its super penetration, migration and destruction abilities led to much more serious demages, the salt demage styles were commonly salt efflorescence, falking and piece falling. The demage results of NaESO4 salt were highly dependent on its containing temperature, the variation of environmental temperature and humidity. The easy demage condition regions are 32.4 ℃ and the humidity variation around 40%. The mimc of salt demage was carried out in the laboratory conditions, and the regualtions of salt migration was presented. The relatively permitted-critical relative temperature and humidity for the protection of the earthen sites are suggested. A starch grafted polyacrylamide superabsorbent material was used to remove the soluble salts. Very satisfied desalting results in Emperor Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Site were obtained.

关 键 词：土遗址 盐害 硫酸钠 脱盐 

分 类 号：K878.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]