控释尿素、稳定性尿素和配施菌剂尿素提高双季稻产量和氮素利用率的效应比较  

A comparison of the effects of controlled release urea,stable urea and microorganisms increasing double rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency

作　　者：王斌[1] 万运帆[1] 郭晨[2] 李玉娥[1] 秦晓波[1] 任涛[2] 赵婧[3] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,农业部农业环境重点实验室,北京100081 [2]华中农业大学资源与环境学院,农业部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室,湖北武汉430070 [3]北京师范大学环境学院,北京100875

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2015年第5期1104-1112,共9页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103039);国家“973”计划项目(2010CB951302,2012CB417106)资助

摘　　要：【目的】中国是最大的水稻生产和消费国,氮肥是保证水稻高产的关键,水稻种植中氮素利用率偏低一直是亟待解决的问题,包膜、添加硝化抑制剂和菌剂等为其提供了可行的解决手段。本文以新型尿素为研究对象,进行四季水稻的连续试验,从作物生长、产量构成和氮素利用方面做出综合评价,为其在水稻种植上的推广提供科学依据。【方法】2012和2013年在湖北荆州(江汉平原代表站点),进行两年大田试验设置了五种氮肥处理:常规尿素(CK)、树脂包膜控释尿素(CRU)、碧晶尿素(NU)(含氯甲基吡啶)、硝化抑制剂DMPP(3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐)(DMPP)、有效微生物菌剂(EM),跟踪观测不同尿素对双季稻生长性状(株高、茎蘖数、穗数、叶绿素)、产量要素(穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、秸秆产量、籽粒产量)以及氮素利用率(吸收利用率、农学利用率、生理利用率)的影响,分析新型氮肥的增产效益及氮素利用率。【结果】新型氮肥能促进水稻植株的增高、叶绿素含量的提升,增加茎蘖数、成穗数和穗粒数,并提高结实率和千粒重,最终促进秸秆和籽粒产量的增长。CRU处理增产最为明显和稳定,早晚稻相比CK处理平均增产达18%(P<0.05),而DMPP、NU和EM处理早稻增产不明显,晚稻增产14%(P<0.05),晚稻增产效益优于早稻。新型氮肥能有效提高氮素吸收利用率,以CRU最高,两年平均氮素利用率为53%,NU次之(为47%),CK最低(仅为35%);随着菌剂不断施入,EM处理氮素利用率逐季增高,在2013年晚稻为55%,与CK达到极显著差异(P<0.01)。新型氮肥处理的农学利用率不同程度高于CK,其中CRU处理最高,在2013年达到差异极显著(P<0.01)。新型氮肥处理的生理利用率2012年均低于CK,2013年仅DMPP处理高于CK,但差异不显著。【结论】与普通尿素相比,控释尿素、稳定尿素和配施微生物菌剂均能促进植株生长、提高氮素利用率,其效果�[Objectives] China is the largest producer and consumer of rice（ Oryza sative L） in the world. Nitrogen is the most essential element for rice production, however, low nitrogen use efficiency（NUE）has been existed. New nitrogen fertilizers（ controlled release urea, nitrification inhibitor and microbial inoculant） were developed to＆ampsolve this problem. Their effects were compared in this paper to provide reliable basis for the fertilizer promotion in rice cultivation. [Methods] Five different fertilizer treatments, CK： conventional urea, CRU： polymer-coated controlled release urea, NU： urea containing nitrapyrin, DMPP： urea containing nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, and EM：microbial inoculant combined application with urea were set for conducting a two year field experiment （ 2012-2013 ） in Jingzhou city , Jianghan Plain, Central China. Effects of different fertilizers on growth（ plant height, chlorophyll, tiller and spike numbers） , yield（ grain numbers, setting rate, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yield） and NUE（ nitrogen recovery efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency） were explored. Increases in yield and NUE caused by different fertilizers were synthetically analyzed, and their seasonal fluctuations were also discussed. [Results]The new fertilizers contribute to the increases of rice plant height, chlorophyll concentration, tiller numbers, spike numbers, grain numbers, setting rate and 1000-grain weight, and ultimately improve the straw and grain yields effectively. Compared with CK, CRU achieves the highest and most stable yield increase by 18%（P〈0. 05）in both early and late rice, and DMPP, NU and EM achieve a yield increase by 14%（P〈0. 05）in late rice, no significant increases in early rice. Better growth and yield promotion is showed in late rice than in early rice. The new fertilizers raise the nitrogen recovery efficiencies significantly compared with CK （ 35%） . The nitrogen recove

关 键 词：控释尿素 硝化抑制剂 EM菌 双季稻 产量 氮素利用率 

分 类 号：S511.42[农业科学—作物学]