高密度直播油菜高产优质和氮肥高效的适宜氮肥施用模式  

Suitable nitrogen fertilization mode for high yield and quality and high N use efficiency in high density direct-sown rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)

作　　者：吴永成[1,2] 李壮[1] 牛应泽[1] 

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学农学院,成都611130 [2]农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,成都611130

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2015年第5期1184-1189,共6页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：四川省育种攻关栽培课题(2011NZ0098-15);四川省科技支撑项目(2012SZ0173);四川省农业创新团队建设专项资助

摘　　要：【目的】探讨高密度直播油菜(36×104plant/hm2)的合理氮肥管理措施。【方法】2011-2012年油菜季选用甘蓝型油菜品种德油6号,在成都平原稻-油轮作区开展了氮肥施用量、施氮方式对油菜产量、品质和氮肥利用率影响的大田试验。氮肥施用量试验在相同施氮方式(底肥+1次苗期追肥)下设置5个施氮水平(N 0、90、180、270和360 kg/hm2);施氮方式试验在同等施氮量(N 225 kg/hm2)条件下,设置3种施氮方式(一次性底施、底肥+1次苗期追肥、底肥+2次苗期追肥)。【结果】直播油菜农艺性状都随施氮量增多而呈增加趋势,而施氮方式对株高、一次分枝数和单株角果数无显著影响。增施氮肥可显著提高油菜籽粒产量和菜油产量,含油率则有所下降。随施氮量增加,油菜籽芥酸含量呈上升趋势,而硫甙含量略呈降低趋势。施氮方式对油菜籽含油率、芥酸和硫甙含量均无显著影响。油菜产量和氮肥贡献率(NCR)都随施氮量(90 270 kg/hm2)加大而提高,当施氮量继续增加(360kg/hm2)时却出现明显下降。但180与270 kg/hm2两施氮量处理间的油菜产量、氮肥贡献率(NCR)和氮肥表观利用率(REN)均无显著差异。随施氮量增加,氮肥农学利用率(AEN)、氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)和氮肥表观利用率(REN)表现出明显降低趋势。当施氮量≥270 kg/hm2时,氮肥农学利用率(AEN)、氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)和氮肥表观利用率(REN)均显著低于90 kg/hm2处理。同等施氮量下,氮肥分期施用可以提高直播油菜籽粒产量和菜油产量,并以底追两次施氮相对较高。底追两次施氮方式的氮肥利用率(AEN、PFPN、NCR、REN)均相对高于其他施氮方式。【结论】在本试验中等肥力条件下,高密度直播油菜(36×104plant/hm2)的合理氮肥施用模式为施氮量180kg/hm2和底追两次施氮方式。[Objectives] The reasonable nitrogen fertilizer management strategies in rapeseed（ Brassica napus L. ） with high planting density（36×104 plant/hm2）and direct-sown conditions were studied. [Methods] Two field experiments were conducted in Chengdu Plain under a rice-rapeseed rotation system. The effects of different N rates （0, 90, 180, 270, 360 kg/hm2 ） in the same N application mode （ a basal fertilizer and a top dressing） and different N application modes（ single application of basal fertilizer, twice application of a basal fertilizer and a top dressing, three times of application as a basal fertilizer and two top dressings） in the same N rate（225 kg/hm2 ） on yield, quality and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in rapeseed were studied.[Results] The results indicated that the increase of N application rates demonstrated an enhancement trend in agronomic traits in direct-sown rapeseed. However, the effects of N application modes on plant height, branch number and pods per plant were not＆amp;nbsp;significant. With the increase in N application rates, the seed yield and oil yield of rapeseed were increased significantly and the oil content percent was decreased to some extent, and the increase of N application rates led to an enhancementtrend in erucic acid content, and resulted in a slight decrease in glucosinolate content. But no significant differences in the contents of oil, erucic acid and glucosinolate were observed between the different application modes of N. Yield and N fertilizer contribution rate（ NCR） increased with the increase of N application rates（90-270 kg/hm2 ） , but apparently decreased when the N application rate reached to 360 kg/hm2 . Agronomic efficiency of applied N（ AEN） ,partial factor productivity of applied N（ PFPN） and apparent recovery efficiency of applied N（ REN） obviously decreased with the increase of N application rates. No significant differences were observed in yield, N fertilizer contribution rate （ NCR ） and apparent recover

关 键 词：油菜 氮肥施用模式 产量 品质 氮肥利用率 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]