不同养分管理措施下常年菜地蔬菜生长及氮素径流特征  

Effects of different nutrition management on vegetable growth and runoff characteristics of soil nitrogen in perennial vegetable field

作　　者：李盟军[1] 姚建武[1] 王荣辉[1] 曾招兵[1] 宁建凤[1] 艾绍英[1] 

机构地区：[1]广东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,农业部南方植物营养与肥料重点实验室,广东省养分资源循环利用与耕地保育重点实验室,广东广州510640

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2015年第5期1190-1199,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201003014-02-04)资助

摘　　要：【目的】蔬菜生产超量施肥现象十分普遍,由此导致的面源污染问题日益严重。研究探讨常年菜地的合理施肥技术,明确蔬菜合理的氮肥投入阈值范围,从污染源头控制氮的迁移、流失,对于降低氮肥对水体的污染风险具有积极意义。【方法】本试验采用大田小区试验方法,设置不施肥对照和不同用量化肥配施有机肥处理(N0,化肥氮空白;CON,习惯施肥;OPT,优化施肥;OPT+N,优化增氮;OPT+P,优化增磷;OPT+NPK,优化增氮磷钾),研究了不同养分管理措施对常年菜地甘蓝—茄子—甘蓝轮作模式下蔬菜生长及氮素径流流失的影响。【结果】连续三茬、为期一年的蔬菜试验,共采集径流样品18次。整个试验期间,不同处理的菜地地表径流铵态氮浓度均低于2.0mg/L的地表水V类水标准限值,且施肥对铵态氮的影响无明显规律性。地表径流硝态氮和总氮具有相似的浓度变化特征,浓度范围分别为0.03 28.43 mg/L和1.06 31.79 mg/L,硝态氮是土壤矿质氮流失的主要氮素形态。施氮不同程度增加总氮和硝态氮浓度,且化肥氮的作用尤为明显。几乎所有径流样品的总氮浓度均超过2.0 mg/L的地表水V类水的标准限值,OPT+NPK处理总氮浓度及硝态氮超标率均最高。对照处理的菜地总氮年流失负荷为30.8 kg/hm2,化肥氮空白处理与对照间无显著差异。其他有机无机肥配施处理中CON、OPT、OPT+N、OPT+P和OPT+NPK处理总氮年流失负荷分别为69.81、54.95、76.6、55.45和90.73 kg/hm2,分别较对照显著提高126.51%、78.29%、148.54%、79.92%和194.39%,且以OPT+NPK处理的流失负荷(90.73 kg/hm2)最高、OPT处理负荷较低(54.95 kg/hm2)。菜地施肥处理的氮肥流失系数在1.47%3.44%之间,总体随化肥氮用量增加而升高。施肥显著增加蔬菜产量,化肥氮空白处理的甘蓝和茄子产量较相应对照处理分别增加67.50%和114.20%,其他有机无机肥配施处理下两种蔬菜产量的增幅分[Objectives]A widespread phenomenon of excessive application of chemical fertilizers in vegetable production is observed, which has caused serious nonpoint pollution problem. To reduce transformation losses of field nitrogen nutrient imposing pollution potential risk on water bodies, it is necessary to study a set of fertilization＆amp;nbsp;technology and determine applications threshold of fertilizers in vegetable production. [Methods]A plot experiment with treatments of different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers was conducted in a perennial vegetable field. There were seven treatments, control （ CK ） and organic manure （ OM ） combined with different rates of inorganic fertilizers i. e. no fertilization of inorganic nitrogen （ N0 ） , conventional fertilization （ CON ） , optimum fertilization（OPT）, nitrogen addition upon OPT level（OPT＋N）, phosphorus addition upon OPT level（OPT＋P）, synchronous addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium upon OPT level （ OPT＋NPK ） . The aim of this experiment was to investigate effects of different nutrition management on growth of crops and nitrogen runoff from vegetable field with ball cabbage, eggplant and ball cabbage mode.[Results]A total of eighteen runoff samples in different treatments were collected during a three-successive vegetable growth period in a year. During the whole experimental period, the concentrations of NH＋4-N in different treatments were all lower than 2. 0 mg/L, meeting the grade V national surface water quality standard. No fertilization-induced influence was observed on NH＋4-N concentration. The runoff concentrations of NO-3-N and total nitrogen in different treatments were 0. 03-28. 43 mg/L and 1. 06-31. 79 mg/L, respectively. Nitrate nitrogen was considered as the main form of mineral nitrogen in runoff water of vegetable field, and similar runoff characteristics in concentrations of NO-3-N and total nitrogen were observed. The fertilization increased the concentration of NO-3-N and total n

关 键 词：氮素径流 有机无机配施 常年菜地 养分管理 流失系数 

分 类 号：S63[农业科学—蔬菜学]