广东中部地区高温季节蔬菜田杂草群落特征  

Characteristics of hot season weed communities in vegetable fields in middle Guangdong,China

作　　者：陈国奇[1] 冯莉[1] 田兴山[1] 

机构地区：[1]广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所/广东省植物保护新技术重点实验室,广州510640

出　　处：《生态科学》2015年第5期115-121,共7页Ecological Science

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划(2012BAD19B02);广东省农业科技研究团队项目(2012A020100009)

摘　　要：当前我国农业生产方式和农田生境呈现深刻的变革,农田草害不断加剧,及时掌握农田杂草群落特征,积累相关数据资料迫在眉睫。于2013年夏季对广东典型蔬菜种植区的90块典型菜田杂草群落进行了样地调查,在90块菜田记录了82种杂草,包括16种外来入侵杂草;82种杂草共涉及27科54属,其中超过5种的科包括:禾本科(14种)、菊科(12种)、莎草科(8种)、玄参科(7种)、蓼科和苋科(5种)。杂草中频度最高的为碎米莎草(Cyperus iria,88.9%);马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、水虱草(Fimbristylis miliacea)、牛筋草(Eleusine indica)、通泉草(Mazus japonicus)、石胡荽(Centipeda minima)、草龙(Ludwigia hyssopifolia)等均超过60%;频度在10%以上的杂草共26种,其中禾草类5种、莎草类3种、阔叶类18种。在所调查田间,阔叶草种类较多,且平均发生盖度显著高于禾草和莎草(P<0.05),菜心田间禾草类杂草相对盖度显著低于其它作物田,莎草类杂草显著高于其它作物田;水旱轮作田间莎草类杂草的盖度显著高于旱连作田(P<0.05)。对26种常见杂草与耕作因子间进行RDA排序,结果表明,水旱轮作、种植甜玉米(Zea mays)、种植豇豆(Vigna unguiculata)、种植丝瓜(Luffa cylindrica)等因子均对田间杂草群落具有显著影响(P<0.05)。结果和原始数据可为研究华南地区菜田杂草群落及其演替趋势积累第一手资料。Currently, both the agroecosystem and cropping model in China are undergoing shifts and arable weed management becomes even more challenging. Thus, knowing the characteristics of arable weed communities and getting relative data are urgently needed. We conducted field surveys on weed communities of 90 typical vegetable crop lands in Guangdong Province, China, in the summer of 2013. We identified 82 weed species, including 16 alien invasive weeds, comprising 54 genera and 27 families. Among the detected families, Poaceae contained the highest number of species（14）, followed by Compositae（12）, Cyperaceae（8）, Scrophulariaceae（7）, Amaranthaceae（5）, and Polygonaceae（5）. Among the observed weed species, Cyperus iria showed the highest frequency in the 90 surveyed vegetable fields（88.9%）, and the frequency of Portulaca oleracea, Digitaria sanguinalis, Fimbristylis miliacea, Eleusine indica, Mazus japonicus, Centipeda minima, and Ludwigia hyssopifolia altogether was 60%. Additionally, 26 weed species had a frequency higher than 10% including 5 grass weeds, 3 sedges, and 18 broadleaf weeds. Averaged over the 90 surveyed fields, broadleaf weeds showed significantly higher species richness and coverage than grass and sedge weeds（P 〈0.05）. The relative coverage of grass weeds was significantly lower in choy sum fields than in other vegetable fields, while that of sedges was the opposite. In vegetable fields with rice-upland crop rotation, the relative coverage of sedges was significantly higher than that in vegetable fields with upland crop rotation. Redundancy analysis between the relative coverage of 26 common weed species and cropping system factors suggested that three types of crop rotation, Zea mays cultivation, Vigna unguiculata cultivation, and Luffa cylindrica cultivation, significantly affected the structure of weed community. Our results are valuable for studying the structure, pattern, and succession of weed communities in vegetable crop fields in south China.

关 键 词：样地调查 农田杂草 盖度 频度 轮作 外来入侵杂草 

分 类 号：S451.241[农业科学—植物保护]