海洋科研作业职业病危害因素识别与预防控制  

Identification,prevention and control of occupational hazardous factors in marine scientific research work

作　　者：李荣宗[1] 温翠菊[1] 徐海娟[1] 刘明[1] 苏世标[1] 戴思泽 

机构地区：[1]广东省职业病防治院,广东省职业病防治重点实验室,广东广州510300

出　　处：《中国职业医学》2015年第5期539-545,共7页China Occupational Medicine

基　　金：广东省职业病防治重点实验室(2012A061400007);广东省化学中毒与核辐射突发事件医学救援应急技术研究中心(2012A032100002)

摘　　要：目的识别海洋科研作业可能存在的职业病危害因素,分析其来源、分布和接触方式,提出预防控制措施。方法采用现场职业卫生调查法、系统工程分析法和文献复用法等方法,识别海洋科研工作场所可能存在的职业病危害因素,从存在特征、接触方式、接触时间、主要危害特性及影响的岗位5个方面分析危害因素的接触特点,预测其危害程度,针对有关职业病危害因素提出工作场所和个人防护的关键预防控制措施。结果海洋科研作业具有间断作业与连续作业并存,季节性、短期与长期作业并存的特征,作业人员主要为观察、采样、探测和实验岗位,可能接触的职业病危害因素包括物理因素、化学有害因素、生物因素和放射性因素。物理因素以噪声、高温、低温和紫外辐射危害为主,化学有害因素以苯、酸、碱和醛类为主。观察、采样、探测和实验岗位的作业人员均可接触噪声、高温、低温、微波、全身振动,低温和高气压对采样和探测岗位的潜水人员危害最大,实验岗位接触化学毒物为主,观察岗位的职业病危害程度相对较低。结论海洋科研作业可能存在的各种职业病危害因素以慢性影响为主,但接触实验试剂、高温和高气压存在发生急性危害的风险,作业启动前应做好各种危害的前期预防工作。Objective To identify the occupational hazardous factors in marine scientific research work,and analyze the source,distribution and exposure ways,in order to offer prevention and control measures. Methods The possible occupational hazardous factors in workplaces related to marine scientific research were detected and identified by methods of occupational health investigation,systematic engineering analogy and literature analysis. The exposure characteristics of occupational hazardous factors were analyzed and the degree of harmfulness was predicted in 5 aspects including existing features,exposure way,exposure time,major hazard properties and hazardous posts,so as to offer critical prevention and control measures for individual protection and work place protection. Results Marine scientific research work had the following features： the co-existence of intermittent and continuous operation,and co-existence of seasonal characteristic,short-term and long-term operation. The main related working posts included observation, sampling, detection and experiment. The possible occupational hazardous factors were physical,chemical hazards,biological and radioactive factors. Physical agents mainly included noise,heat stress,cold stress and ultraviolet radiation. Chemical hazardous factors were mainly benzene,acid,base and aldehydes. The operating personnel at the posts of observation,sampling,detection and experiment were all possibly exposed to noise,heat stress,cold stress,microwave radiation and whole body vibration. Cold stress and high pressure had the most serious hazard on divers of sampling and detection positions. It was mainly the chemical toxicants exposure at the experiment post. Observation staff suffered less from occupational hazards than other research positions. Conclusion Chronic health impact came from the major influence of the possible occupational hazardous factors in marine scientific research operation. Exposure to experimental reagents,heat stress and high pressure has risk of leading to acute haza

关 键 词：海洋 科学研究 职业病危害 识别 预防 控制 

分 类 号：R13[医药卫生—劳动卫生]