中国古代社会对儒将认识的演变  

Evolution in the Cognition of Scholar-type Generals in Ancient China

作　　者：尤学工[1] 翟士航 

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《军事历史研究》2015年第5期73-83,共11页Military History Research

基　　金：2012年度国家社科基金重大招标项目"中国文化元典关键词研究"(12ZD153)

摘　　要："儒将"一词的出现最晚不迟于唐代晚期,至北宋已被社会普遍接受,唐晚期以后关于儒将的文献材料逐渐增多。儒将的含义几经演变,唐、五代时期主要指出身儒生而掌军者,但较宽泛;宋代主要指与"武夫"相对的士大夫掌军者;明清时期儒将被赋予多种含义,官方视之为文武兼备的将领,民间看重的是"忠义"和"儒雅风度",兵家则更重视儒将的智略。与此相应,唐、五代时期,社会对儒将的评价经历了从称颂到诟病的演变,两宋时期儒将的社会评价由低转高,直到明清时期达到顶峰。中国古代儒将含义与社会评价的演变,折射出的是不同时期历史语境尤其是文武关系的变迁。The term ＂scholar-type general ＂ appeared no later than the late Tang Dynasty,and related documents increased since then. The term was generally accepted and widely used in the Northern Song Dynasty. The meaning of the term underwent evolution several times. In the late Tang and the Five Dynasties,it was used in a relatively broad sense to refer to those scholar-turned military commanders. In the Song Dynasty,it referred mainly to ＂the literati and officialdom＂in charge of the military,as opposed to ＂military men＂. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,it took on multiple meanings： generals excellent in both civil and military affairs as officially recognized; whereas the general public cared more about their loyalty and scholar- like elegance; however,the military placed more emphasis on their wisdom and resourcefulness. Accordingly,the social evaluation of such generals experienced a transition from praise to criticism in the Tang and Five Dynasties. Then in the Song Dynasty it began to change for the better,and in the Ming and Qing Dynasties reached its peak. This evolution in ancient China actually reflects the changes in historical context,especially in the civil-military relations in different historical periods.

关 键 词：中国古代 儒将 古代文献 兵学 

分 类 号：K207[历史地理—历史学] E291[历史地理—中国史]