发现沉默的大多数——美国保守主义研究20年  

To Reveal the Silent Majority: American Conservatism Study in the Last 20 Years

作　　者：谈丽[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2015年第6期61-73,共13页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：教育部重点研究基地重大项目"现代性与西方的比较文明研究"(项目批准号:05JJDZH225)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：20世纪美国史学变化纷繁,但"自由主义宏大叙事"影响一直甚巨,它强调进步主义—自由主义在美国历史中的重要性,将保守主义斥为远离美国政治与社会主流的边缘和极端。60年代开始有学者质疑这种范式,指出20世纪美国的种种保守主义运动乃是源自传统思想遗产,与美国政治和文化主流殊途同归,需要加以深入研究。不过一直到90年代艾伦·布林克利提出"美国保守主义的问题"并引起广泛关注后,相关研究才真正进入繁荣时期,在此过程中20世纪美国史几乎被重写。学者们把现代美国保守主义的起源追溯到20世纪二三十年代,甚至更早,认为它在80年代以后的复兴是长期蓄积力量的最终爆发;它在南方的发展模式不仅是战后美国总趋势的反映,而且是其典型;曾经的"自由主义共识"则被普遍质疑,"新政"、"沉默的50年代"、"激进的60年代"和"失落的70年代"都被重新诠释。同时史学界也开始对取得的成就和存在的问题进行反思,提出要警惕"辉格主义"倾向,避免走向夸大保守主义的成功和自由主义"崩溃"的另一极端,抛弃二元对立的传统思维方式,从整体上考察战后政治进程。因此对保守主义的研究便不仅关乎其本身的重要性,而且将反映出20世纪美国历史更宏大的结构性变迁。American historiography has changed multiple ways during the 20 th century,while a grand narrative of liberalism still remains. This narrative emphasizes the progressive-liberal development in American history,treating conservatism as a marginal and extreme force,far away from American political and social mainstream. Since the1960 s,this historical paradigm has been increasingly questioned by many scholars. They argue that different conservative movements in the 20 th century America actually derived from American heritage; conservatism also belongs to American political and cultural mainstream and need more scholarly attention. But the study of the history of conservatism did not really prospered until Alan Brinkley addressed ＂The Problem of American Conservatism ＂ in1990 s,which aroused much debate among historians. The origin and development of modern American conservatism,the South and resurgent of conservatism,the relation between conservatism and liberalism,and many other topics have been studied and reinterpreted. Historians also began to reflect their achievement of these years and try to find the defect and deficiency in it.

关 键 词：保守主义 自由主义 美国史学 麦卡锡主义 南部例外论 新政 

分 类 号：K712.5[历史地理—历史学]