柴达木走滑叠合盆地及其控油气作用  

Strike-slip superimposed Qaidam Basin and its control on oil and gas accumulation, NW China

作　　者：付锁堂[1] 马达德[1] 郭召杰[2] 程丰[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国石油青海油田公司 [2]造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室,北京大学地球与空间科学学院

出　　处：《石油勘探与开发》2015年第6期712-722,共11页Petroleum Exploration and Development

基　　金：国家重大科技专项(2011ZX05003)

摘　　要：在对柴达木盆地西部周缘地区野外地质调查的基础上,结合盆地内近年来的油气勘探实践,提出了新生代柴达木盆地是由东昆仑左行走滑断裂和阿尔金左行走滑断裂联合控制的走滑叠合盆地的新认识,认为阿尔金左行走滑断裂带为主要控盆边界,东昆仑走滑断裂为主要调节边界,柴北缘—祁连山逆冲褶皱带为挤压转换被动适应边界。在印度与欧亚板块碰撞的动力学背景下,阿尔金断裂自始新世发生左行走滑,使得柴达木盆地向北东方向逐渐迁移,造成柴北缘—祁连山地区北西—南东走向断层的逆冲推覆与走滑变形,使得柴达木盆地自古近系路乐河组沉积期开始了新生代沉积。柴北缘地区古近系表现为类似前陆盆地区的粗碎屑沉积组合,烃源岩品质较差,而在柴西南地区表现为伸展构造背景下的凹陷沉积区,发育品质优良的古近系烃源岩。自中新世,东昆仑左行走滑断裂开始活动,走滑断裂逐渐向北迁移,形成了一系列雁行排列的分支断裂(如昆北断裂、阿拉尔断裂以及红柳泉断裂等),柴西南地区古近纪的伸展背景逐渐反转为新近纪的走滑挤压背景。形成于新近纪的走滑挤压相关构造(如英雄岭构造等)是柴西南地区以古近系烃源岩为主的油气聚集和成藏的重要场所。因此,东昆仑走滑断裂和阿尔金走滑断裂这两条世界级大型左行走滑断裂带在时间与空间上的叠合,控制了柴达木盆地的形成与新生代盆地的沉积和变形,也是控制柴达木盆地特别是柴西地区油气成藏的关键。Based on detailed field survey in the western Qaidam Basin, combined with petroleum exploration practices in recent years, this study suggests that the Qaidam Basin is a strike-slip superimposed basin jointly controlled by the left-lateral strike-slip Altyn Tagh and East Kunlun faults. The Altyn Tagh fault acts as the major controlling boundary, while the East Kunlun fault only controls the local evolution of the southern edge of the basin. To the east, the northern Qaidam-Qilian Shan thrust-fold belt passively accommodates the northeastward displacement along the Altyn Tagh fault through NE-SW directed shortening. In the India-Asia collision background, the left-lateral strike-slip faulting along the Altyn Tagh fault initiated from the early Eocene, forcing the Qaidam Basin to move northeastward, causing the thrust and slip deformation of the NW-SE faults in northern Qaidam margin-Qilian Mountain area, and the deposition of the Cenozoic since the Paleogene Lulehe Formation. During the Paleogene, the northern Qaidam Basin developed coarse-grained sediments like that in a foreland basin, forming poor quality source rocks; while the southwestern Qaidam Basin was an extensional sag basin where good quality source rocks deposited. By the early Miocene, left-lateral faulting along the Kunlun fault became active, leading to the formation of a series of en-echelon faults（e.g. the Kunbei fault, the Arlar fault and the Hongliuquan fault）. These faults gradually migrated northward, their kinematics changing from left-lateral strike-slip motion to NE-SW transpression. Strike-slip-related structures controlled by those faults（e.g. the Yingxiongling structure） are ideal places for oil and gas accumulation from Paleogene source rocks. To sum up, the Qaidam Basin is a strike-slip superimposed basin jointly controlled by the left-lateral strike-slip Altyn Tagh and East Kunlun faults. The temporal and spatial superimposition of these two strike-slip faults during the Cenozoic controlled the evolution of the basin as well

关 键 词：柴达木盆地 东昆仑断裂 阿尔金断裂 走滑叠合盆地 控油气作用 

分 类 号：TE122.1[石油与天然气工程—油气勘探]