清季引入近代文官考试的酝酿与尝试  

The Development and Trial Introduction of the Modern Civil Service Examination System in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：关晓红[1] 

机构地区：[1]中山大学,教授广州510275

出　　处：《近代史研究》2015年第6期41-59,160-161,共19页Modern Chinese History Studies

摘　　要：我国引入近代文官考试制度始于清末新政。晚清因应变局,求才多途并进。新政复行,京师新设部院及各地督抚强调各自特殊性,撇开吏部频频奏调官员,举官权柄下移,官员素质参差。科举停罢后,取士举官新旧混杂,更换及统一标准要求日趋急迫。丙午改制,戴鸿慈等建议仿日本文官考试,嗣因内阁、吏部官制未变而无所附着。以1907年直隶设置官员考验处为契机,清廷颁布《切实考验外官章程》,局部试行官员考试。宣统年间,文官考试章程反复修改斟酌,终因清亡而胎死腹中,成为留给民国的一份遗产。梳理清季引入近代文官考试制度的酝酿过程,可以观察到渐进式改革中各种因素的纠结影响,理解制度兴革遭遇的滞碍曲折。China's introduction of a modern civil service examination system started during the New Policies in the late Qing period.In order to respond to the changes during the late Qing period,the government took many measures to find new talent.When the New Policies were resumed,the new ministries and departments in Beijing and the governor-generals and governors in the provinces all emphasized their own particularities;they repeatedly bypassed the Ministry of Personnel to directly memorialize the Emperor requesting personnel changes.The right to recommend officials shifted downwards,and the quality of officials was uneven.After the abolishment of the Imperial Examination System,the old and new systems for selecting scholars and recommending officials intermixed,so it became increasingly pressing for the government to reform and unify standards.During the political reforms of 1906,Dai Hongci and some other officials suggested imitating Japan's civil service examination system,but because neither the Cabinet nor the Ministry of Personnel reformed their bureaucracies,this suggestion did not find many adherents.Taking advantage of the establishment of an Official Examination Department in Zhili province in 1907,the Qing court issued the 'Regulations for Conscientiously Testing Officials,' which selected officials in part by using examinations.During the reign of the Xuantong Emperor(1908—1912),the regulations for the civil service examination were repeatedly deliberated and revised,but this project was abandoned because of the collapse of the Qing government;it then became a legacy for the Republican government.By carefully examining the development of a modern civil service examination system in China,we can observe the intertwined affects of various factors in the gradual reforms,and also understand the obstacles to and complexities of such reforms in the political system.

关 键 词：近代文官考试 清末新政 考验外官 官员任用 

分 类 号：K252[历史地理—历史学]