转基因作物基因污染受害者的请求权  

Rights of Claim of the Victim of Genetic Pollution by GM Crops

作　　者：阙占文[1] 

机构地区：[1]江西财经大学法学院

出　　处：《法学研究》2015年第6期65-79,共15页Chinese Journal of Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"转基因生物跨界侵权损害赔偿研究"(11CFX072)的成果

摘　　要：转基因作物对其他作物造成的基因污染,分为处于实验阶段的转基因作物造成的基因污染和已经许可上市的转基因作物造成的基因污染。实验阶段,转基因作物尚处于风险交流和风险评估阶段,具有高度危险性;已经许可上市的转基因作物虽不排除风险,但危险性较低。于实验阶段发生的基因污染,应适用侵权责任法中的高度危险责任。基因污染一般发生于相邻土地间,侵害了相邻不动产权利人的财产权,已经许可上市的转基因作物造成的基因污染应适用物权法第90条之不可量物侵害。基因污染对土地、作物造成有形损害后发生的损失,不属于纯粹经济损失。基因污染导致非转基因作物无法以非转基因产品标识投入市场或者只能以转基因产品标识投入市场,且并非当地惯行做法和不可防范时,受害者没有容忍义务,可以行使妨害防止请求权和损害赔偿请求权。The genetic information in genetically modified （GM） crops can spread adventitiously into the genomes of organisms in which such information is not present in nature. Genetic pollution of non- GM crops by GM crops is classified into two groups： genetic pollution caused by GM crops in the ex- perimental stage and genetic pollution caused by GM crops which are authorized to enter into the mar- ket. GM crops in the experimental stage are still subject to risk communication and risk evaluation, and involve high risks. With sound risk management, GM crops that have entered into the market are often associated with low level risks. Therefore, genetic pollution caused by GM crops in the experi- mental stage is governed by the liability for hazardous activities in the Tort Liability Law. Genetic pol- lution usually occurs among adjacent lands and interferes with the property of the owner or authorized user of the neighboring land. As a result, genetic pollution caused by GM crops which are authorized to enter into the market is subject to the regime established by Article 90 of the Property law. When the genetic pollution brings about change in the genomes of organisms in the land or crop, it amounts to physical damage and the loss suffered by the neighbor should no longer be regarded as pure eco- nomic loss. If the products produced from non-GM crops are required to label as genetically modified due to genetic pollution, and the genetic modification is not the customary agricultural practice, and there exist economically reasonable containment measures to prevent the pollution, the owner or au- thorized user of a neighboring land has no obligation to tolerate this substantial interference and is qualified to claim prevention of interference and compensation.

关 键 词：基因污染 危险责任 不可量物侵害 容忍义务 纯粹经济损失 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]