从清华简《筮法》看早期易学转进  

The Early Development of the Study of the Yi Jing from the Perspective of the Shi Fa in the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips

作　　者：刘光胜[1] 

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学人文与传播学院,副教授上海200234

出　　处：《历史研究》2015年第5期76-91,191-192,共16页Historical Research

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目"清华简<系年>与古史新探"(10&ZD091);中国博士后基金(2013M540925);上海市教委科研创新项目"<清华大学藏战国竹简(壹)>整理研究"(12YS048)的资助

摘　　要：清华简《筮法》八卦卦名、卦序与辑本《归藏》密合,具有鲜明的《归藏》特征。但它占筮只依据八经卦,不用六十四卦系统,其占筮形式与方法又与《归藏》表现出显著差异。《左传》、《国语》某卦之"八"是指筮数八,韦昭"八为不动阴爻"说,存在明显误读。数字卦向符号卦的过渡,为先秦易学表现形式的一次重要转型。清华简《筮法》所反映的数字爻与符号爻的分工,可能是数字卦向符号卦转型的重要原理与依据。殷周揲蓍法乙与以清华简《筮法》为代表的楚地筮法形式最为接近,如果寻找楚地筮法的最初源头,揲蓍法乙是颇值得注意的对象。清华简《筮法》重要的学术意义在于:六个筮数联用,不是判定殷墟易卦为重卦的充分条件。如果没有筮法作支撑,不知时人对筮数如何分析,单据六个筮数联用,依然不能断言重卦在商代晚期已经出现。The names and order of the eight trigrams or gua(gua refers to a combination of broken and unbroken lines forming a trigram or hexagram and used for divination) in the Shi Fa(筮法 Methods of Divination) in the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips coincide closely with those recorded in the Gui Cang(归藏) version of Yi Jing,thus show a distinctive feature of it.The form and methods of divination in the Shi Fa,however,show distinct differences from those in the Gui Cang,as the former are based on the eight trigram system rather than the sixty-four hexagram system.The ba(八) of a particular gua in Zuo Zhuan and Guo Yu refers to the divinatory number 'eight';thus Wei Zhao is clearly mistaken in explaining it as 'Ba is an unchangeable yin yao(阴爻).' The shift from numerical to symbolic gua marks an important transition in pre-Qin study of the Yi Jing;the division of labor between the numerical and the symbolic yao seen in the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips' Shi Fa may offer important evidence and guidelines here.The Divinatory Method B found in the Yin and Zhou she shi(揲蓍) may be the origin of the divinatory methods represented by the Shi Fa in the Chu region.The academic importance of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips' Shi Fa lies in the fact that even when the six divinatory numbers are combined,we still do not have sufficient grounds for deciding whether the yi gua(易卦) are chong gua(重卦).If we were to rely only on the combination of six divinatory numbers without the supporting evidence of the Shi Fa and a knowledge of how its contemporaries analyzed the divinatory numbers,we would still be unable to determine whether chong gua had emerged in the late Shang Dynasty.

关 键 词：清华简《筮法》 揲蓍法乙 符号爻 含“八”筮例 

分 类 号：K877.5[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] B221[历史地理—历史学]