雾滴大小和覆盖密度与农药防治效果的关系  

Effects of droplet size and deposition density on field efficacy of pesticides

作　　者：袁会珠[1] 王国宾[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院植物保护研究所农业部农作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室,北京100193

出　　处：《植物保护》2015年第6期9-16,共8页Plant Protection

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31371969);公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203025)

摘　　要：农药的雾滴粒径大小、覆盖密度、药液配制浓度对杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂等的药效均有显著影响。根据农药雾滴粒径大小，可以将雾滴分为极细雾、细雾、中等雾、粗雾等。一定范围内，对于触杀作用的农药，采用细小雾滴喷雾对农作物病虫草害能取得更好的防治效果。雾滴粒径与农药药效之间存在生物最佳粒径的关系，农药喷雾技术理论研究认为，防治飞行的害虫适合使用10～50μm 的细小杀虫剂雾滴，防治作物叶面爬行类害虫幼虫则适合采用30～150μm 的杀虫剂雾滴，喷洒杀菌剂防治植物病害时适合采用30～150μm 的雾滴，而喷洒除草剂时，则适合采用100～300μm 的较粗大雾滴。在农药喷雾中，一定的雾滴覆盖密度就可以达到理想的防治效果，并不需要采用大容量淋洗式的喷雾方式，这是因为每个农药雾滴类似“炸弹”，都有其“杀伤范围”，称之为雾滴杀伤面积/杀伤半径（biocide area/ biocide radius），且杀伤面积/杀伤半径与雾滴致死中密度（LN50）有关。本文论述了雾滴粒径大小、覆盖密度与杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂药效之间的关系，进而分析农药雾滴致死中密度以及雾滴杀伤面积/杀伤半径，以期为农业生产、精准化施药提供参考。The size,number and concentration of droplets have an important influence on the field efficacy of pes-ticides,including insecticides,fungicides and herbicides.Depending on the diameter of droplets,we can divide droplets into four classes,including very fine,fine,medium and coarse.In a certain range,field efficacy in-creased with the decrease of droplet size.Too small or too large droplets were not efficacious,and the most effi-cacious diameter of the droplets was called biological optimum droplet size.By the research of the pesticide appli-cation technology,the diameter of 10-50 μm of fine droplets had a good efficacy against flying insect pest.Foli-age-applied pesticides had a good effect on the size of 30 -1 50 μm for the larvae of pests.When spraying fungi-cides to control plant disease,the optimum droplet diameter was reported to be 30 - 1 50 μm,while the relative coarse droplets,with a diameter of 100-300 μm,were more suitable for controlling weeds.In the pesticide appli-cation,there was no need to use a large amount of solution,as a certain number of droplets could achieve a good efficacy.Every droplet was similar to a “bomb”,which had its “explosion range”,called the biocide area/biocide radius.In this study,three aspects,including insecticides,fungicides and herbicides,were reviewed with the bio-logical optimum droplet size and LN50 ,expecting to provide reference for agricultural production and accurate spraying.

关 键 词：生物最佳粒径 覆盖密度 雾滴杀伤半径 致死中密度 防治效果 

分 类 号：S481[农业科学—农药学]