长期施肥下我国水稻土基础地力变化趋势  

Trends of basic soil productivity in paddy soil under long-term fertilization in China

作　　者：李忠芳[1,2] 张水清[3] 李慧[4] 孙楠[1] 逄焕成[1] 娄翼来[5] 徐明岗[1] 

机构地区：[1]农业部作物营养与施肥重点开放实验室中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081 [2]贺州学院化学与生物工程系,广西贺州542899 [3]郑州国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益监测站河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所,河南郑州450002 [4]河南农业大学资源与环境学院,河南郑州450002 [5]中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2015年第6期1394-1402,共9页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(41071200;41361068);"十二五"国家科技支撑计划课题(2012BAD14B04);农业公益性科研项目(201203030);广西高校科学技术研究重点项目(2013ZD067)资助

摘　　要：【目的】水田具有较好的水热稳定性,且基础地力对水稻产量的贡献大,所以水稻土基础地力高低是保证水稻高产稳产的重要指标。研究长期不同施肥下我国不同区域水稻土基础地力的变化态势及其特征不仅为水稻土的农业可持续生产提供理论依据,还为评价和建立长期合理的施肥模式提供数据支持。【方法】以不施肥处理(CK)的水稻产量表征其基础地力,以不施肥产量与常规施肥(施氮、磷、钾肥,NPK)产量的比值作为基础地力贡献率,分析了我国7个水稻连作或稻麦轮作农田生态系统下长期施肥稻田的基础地力和基础地力贡献率随时间的变化趋势和特征,比较了不同地点及不同轮作方式的差异探讨了基础地力贡献率与水稻产量及其相关指标的关系。【结果】长期不施肥水稻产量随时间的变化总体上较稳定,平均变化速率仅为-0.3 kg/(hm^2·a)。不同水稻土类型间差异大红壤水稻土基础地力易呈下降趋势而紫色水稻土较稳定。不同轮作方式上,晚稻和单季稻的不施肥产量随时间呈上升趋势,分别增加1.6和29.2 kg/(hm^2·a),而早稻不施肥产量呈逐年下降趋势,平均下降20.0kg/(hm^2·a)。同一区域的试验点,白沙(BS)和望城(WangC)不施肥的水稻产量逐年下降速率最大,下降值达47~82kg/(hm^2·a);而南昌(NC)的早晚稻、武昌(WuC)和遂宁(SN)的单季稻均呈逐年上升的趋势,上升速率达44~81 kg/(hm^2·a)。水稻多年(>20年)平均基础地力贡献率较高(各地变化幅度42%~68%,平均值为59.7%)其中早稻、晚稻和单季稻分别为55.1%、67.1%和54.9%。基础地力贡献率与不施肥的产量可持续性指数(SYI)间呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.655,n=13)。7个试验点的多年施肥处理水稻平均产量为5100 kg/hm^2,显著高于不施肥产量(2911 kg/hm^2),多年施肥措施对水稻产量的贡献率为40.3%。【结论】长期不施肥晚稻和单季稻产量稳定或有上升趋�[Objectives]The paddy rice system shows a great stability to climate and soil basic fertility which makes a great contribution to rice yield,so soil basic fertility represents a key contributor for high and stable rice yield.Therefore,investigating changing trends of paddy soil basic fertility in different regions under long-term fertilization can provide scientific basis not only for sustainable rice production but also for assessing and proposing proper fertilization strategy.[Methods]An experiment was designed to include two treatments,CK（no fertilizer）and NPK（conventional fertilization）.The rice yield under the CK represents soil basic fertility,and the proportion of the crop yield under the CK to that under the NPK represents soil basic fertility contribution.Seven long-term field experiments in paddy crop systems（rice-rice,and rice-wheat rotation） were selected to investigate dynamic trends in soil basic fertility and its contribution,and to examine relationships between soil basic fertility contribution and rice yield or other indicators.[Results]In general,the rice yields under CK remain constant with a mean change rate of-0.3 kg/（hm2.a） only.Soil basic fertility trends show differences among paddy soil types,and soil basic fertility levels show a declining trend for reddish paddy soils and remain constant for purple paddy soils.Under CK,both the late-rice and single-rice yields show increasing trends with rates of 1.6 and 29.2 kg/（hm2a）,respectively,while the early-rice yields shows a declining trend with a rate of 20.0 kg/（hm2. a）.The declining rates of rice yields in the CK treatment are highest at Baisha（BS） and Wangcheng（WangC） sites,up to47-82 kg/（hm2. a）.Those of early-rice at Nanchang（NC） site and single-rice at the Wuchang（WuC） and Suining（SN） sites show increasing trends with the rates of 44-81 kg/（hm2.a）.On average,the rice soil basic fertility contribution ranges from 42%to 68%,with a mean value of 59.7%.The contribution percentages are55.1%,

关 键 词：长期施肥 基础地力 产量可持续性指数 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学] S158