长期培肥我国典型黑土玉米氮肥效应的演变趋势  

Change of nitrogen use efficiency of maize affected by long-term manure fertilization in the typical black soil

作　　者：李慧[1,2] 徐明岗[1] 朱平[3] 张文菊[1] 张会民[1] 李忠芳[4] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所农业部作物营养与施肥重点开放实验室,北京100081 [2]河南农业大学资源与环境学院,河南郑州450000 [3]吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,吉林长春130033 [4]贺州学院化学与生物工程学院,广西贺州542899

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2015年第6期1506-1513,共8页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203030;201303126)资助

摘　　要：【目的】依托中国东北典型农田设置的公主岭黑土长期培肥试验,研究长期培肥条件下黑土地区玉米产量和氮肥效应的时间演变趋势,阐明氮肥利用率和土壤养分之间的相关性,为指导我国建立长期培肥模式和提高氮肥利用率提供依据。【方法】本文选择不同有机肥用量(M0、M30和M60)下不施肥处理(CK)、施氮肥(N)、施磷钾肥(PK)和平衡施肥(NPK),共计12个处理,研究长期培肥对玉米的氮肥农学效率、氮肥当季利用率和氮肥累积利用率的影响。【结果】有机肥料和化肥(NPK)对玉米均具有显著增产效果,有机肥化肥配施可降低玉米产量的变异系数(CV)和提高可持续性指数(SYI)从而保证玉米的持续稳产高产。平衡施肥条件下的氮肥农学效率、当季利用率和累积利用率随着施肥年限的延长呈上升趋势并且达到显著或极显著水平;常量有机肥区和高量有机肥区的土壤肥力得到显著提升,氮肥效应随时间演变趋势分别为变化不显著和显著降低趋势。氮肥利用率与土壤有机碳、土壤全氮、土壤全磷和土壤速效钾呈显著负相关。【结论】在相对较高的肥力条件下,黑土地区玉米氮肥效应呈显著下降或变化不显著的趋势将为高肥力条件下有机肥部分替代化肥提供科学依据。[Objectives]Based on a long-term experiment in black soil in Gongzhuling City,we analyzed the changes of maize yield and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and the correlation between nitrogen use efficiency（NUE）and soil nutrient contents,aiming to provide scientific references for establishing manure fertilization mode and improving NUE.[Methods]Treatments of no fertilization（CK）,N fertilization（N）,P and K fertilization（PK）and NPK fertilization（NPK）,combined with different manure rates（0,30 and 60 t/hm2）,were chosen to research the effect of long term fertilization on nitrogen agronomy efficiency,annual nitrogen use efficiency and accumulated nitrogen use efficiency of maize.[Results]All levels of manure treatments and NPK significantly have increased maize yield.The treatments of NPK combined with manures（M30 ＋ NPK and M60 ＋ NPK） have reduced the variation of maize yield（CV） and improved the sustainable index of maize yield（SYI）.The nitrogen agronomy efficiency,annual nitrogen use efficiency and accumulated nitrogen use efficiency show increase trends with longtime chemical fertilization,and the increases reach significant or extremely significant levels.The soil fertility is improved with the applications of manures,but the variation of nitrogen agronomy efficiency,annual nitrogen use efficiency and accumulated nitrogen use efficiency are not significant,and the variation trend is significantly decreased with the elongation of experiment time.The nitrogen use efficiency is negatively correlated with soil organic carbon,soil total nitrogen,soil total phosphorus,and soil available potassium.[Conclusions]In black soil with relatively high fertility,the nitrogen use efficiency of maize is stable,but shows significantly declining trend,which provide scientific references for the partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by manure.

关 键 词：长期培肥 黑土 玉米产量 氮肥效应 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S143.1