定金契约要物性的批判与重塑  

The Criticism and Remodeling on the Practice of Deposit Contract

作　　者：黎乃忠[1] 

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学,重庆401120

出　　处：《现代法学》2015年第6期185-193,共9页Modern Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目"农村土地融资担保法律问题研究"(13CFX076)

摘　　要：古罗马时期物物交换模式下的契约均为要物契约,受此影响,当时定金契约的要物性具有合理性。随着一般等价物的出现,物物交换之要物性契约的存在基础已经发生改变,我国定金契约仍遵循古罗马时期的要物性理念会引起诸多悖论:理论上,现实交付及物之返还的要物性法理已经与现代社会强调交易的便捷及效率的时代背景不符。在此之下,当今为要物性契约的存在理由所提出的反悔权理论,实质上是赋予当事人两次运用意志的机会以决定是否受已达成契约的约束,其本质仍然为诺成性契约的意志决定论。实践中,要物性理念并不能达到发挥定金的担保功能及判断一方对主契约之履约能力的目的。且在要物性理念下,因分期的部分交付之定金契约无论认定为无效还是部分有效都存在逻辑上的矛盾,其唯一解决办法是分期的部分交付将使整个定金契约生效,从而得出定金契约应当是诺诚性的结论。在要物性理念前提下却推导出诺成性结论,表明了定金契约的要物性仅徒有其表。因此,在未来制定《中国民法典》时应将定金契约诺成化,并应仅保留解约定金一种类型,并作相应的制度设计。The contracts of the ancient Rome were all the practice contracts under the barter model. Affected by this,the deposit contracts were reasonable as practice ones at that time. The basic existence of the practice contracts have been changed with the advent of the universal equivalent. The deposit contracts in China still follow the ancient Roman time,which will cause a lot of paradoxes： in theory,the practice jurisprudence of actual delivery and objects returning has been inconsistent with the emphasis on convenience and efficiency of trading background in modern society. Under this,today＇s theory of the regret right proposed for the existence reason of the practice contracts is essentially to give one party two opportunities to decide whether or not bound by the contract reached by contracting parties. Its essence is still will determinism of the practice contracts; in practice,the concept of the practice can not achieve the purpose that play deposit guarantee function and determine the performance capability of the main contract. And the practice concept,the deposit contracts as partial delivery under agreed installment will generate logical contradiction whether they are to be recognized as invalid or partially effective. The only conclusion is that partial delivery under agreed installment will make the whole deposit contract in force,and thus arriving to the conclusion that the deposit contracts are consensual ones. The derived consensual conclusion under the practice concept shows that the deposit contracts are only specious. Therefore,deposit contracts should be consensual in the future China＇s ＂Civil Code＂,and the system of the deposit contracts should be designed accordingly with retaining only termination deposit.

关 键 词：定金 要物契约 诺成契约 定金种类 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]