北方冬麦区CO_2浓度增高与氮肥互作对冬小麦生理特性和产量的影响  

Interactive Effects of Elevated CO_2 and Nitrogen on the Physiology and Yield of Winter Wheat in North Winter Wheat Region of China

作　　者：居辉[1,2] 姜帅[3] 李靖涛[4] 韩雪[1,2] 高霁[1] 秦晓晨[1] 林而达[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,北京100081 [2]农业部农业环境重点实验室,北京100081 [3]广东省惠州市气象局,广东惠州516008 [4]山西农业大学农学院,山西太谷030801

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2015年第24期4948-4956,共9页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31171452);国家"973"计划课题(2012CB955904)

摘　　要：【目的】阐明CO_2浓度增高与氮肥互作对冬小麦生理和产量的影响,为客观评估气候变化背景下冬小麦生产潜力提供理论依据。【方法】2011—2014年利用开放式CO_2富集系统(FACE)平台,采用盆栽方法,研究冬小麦"中麦175"在不同CO_2浓度及高低氮肥水平下(高浓度CO_2 550 mg·L^(-1)和大气浓度390 mg·L^(-1);高氮N1,0.16 g·kg^(-1)和低氮N0,0 g·kg^(-1))的生育进程、光合特征及产量变化。CO_2富集处理于每年返青-成熟期间进行,通气时间为每日6:30-18:30,夜间不通气。CO_2浓度通过计算机程序控制,并根据具体风向和风速控制释放管电磁阀的开合度,实现预定设置浓度。【结果】盆栽试验表明与大气CO_2浓度相比,高浓度CO_2加快了冬小麦生育进程,拔节期提前1d,开花期可提前1-2 d,全生育期可缩短3-5 d,高氮肥处理对生育进程具有延迟作用,开花期延长1-2 d,灌浆期可延长4-5 d,同步缓解高浓度CO_2对生育进程的加快作用;高浓度CO_2使叶片光合速率提高13.7%,产量平均提高16.0%,且在高氮肥下光合速率的增幅比低氮肥相对提高2.5%,蒸腾速率提高13.5%;试验中单独高氮较低氮的增产效果达到50%,高于单独高浓度CO_2较大气浓度的增产效果;高浓度CO_2对产量构成中穗粒数和千粒重提高明显,高浓度CO_2较大气浓度穗粒数增加3.69%,单独高氮处理较低氮处理平均穗粒数增加3.43%,即CO_2肥效起到了增加穗粒数的作用并略高于单独氮肥处理,高氮和高CO_2双重促进下的穗粒数最多,达到38.37粒/穗,低氮和低CO_2处理的穗粒数水平最低,可见CO_2和氮肥互作对穗粒数的促进相对更明显,各自单独施用的促进作用彼此差异不大,但低氮、大气CO_2浓度处理的穗粒数则相对较低;与大气CO_2浓度相比,高浓度CO_2的千粒重增加5.3%,高氮高浓度CO_2处理的千粒重大约提高7.3%,说明氮肥的施用促进了高浓度CO_2对千粒重的提升效果。【结论】�[Objective]This study aims to elucidate the interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration[CO2]and different nitrogen applications on phenology,photosynthesis and yield of winter wheat,then to provide theoretical understanding for objective assessment on the potential yield of winter wheat under climate change conditions.[Method]The experiment was conducted from 2011-2014 using a Free Air CO2 Enrichment（FACE） facility with pot experiment and winter wheat cultivar ＂Zhongmai 175＂.Each pot was filled with 45 kg of sieved soil.The treatments were set at elevated[CO2]of 550 mg·L^-1 and ambient[CO2]of 390 mg·L^-1,nitrogen fertilizer applied at Nl,0.16g·kg^-1soil and NO,0 g·kg^-1 soil.The changes of phenology,physiology and yield of winter wheat were investigated.The elevated CO2 feeding was in operation from regreen to maturity stage each year and injected time from6：30-18：30 each day,and no CO2 was released at night.The[CO2]was controlled through computer program and could synchronously adjust with wind speed and direction time by a solenoid valve in a release pipe,then it achieved the expected[CO2].[Result]The pot experiment results indicated that elevated[CO2]accelerated the growth process of winter wheat compared with ambient[CO2],jointing stage speeded up of 1 day,flowering period can be 1-2 days in advance,and the whole growth duration was shortened 3-5 days under the same fertilizer level.While as the high nitrogen could prolong the growth duration,the flowering period can be extended by 1-2 days,filling period by 4-5 days,synchronous alleviated the accelerative effects of elevated[CO2]on growth process;High[CO2]enhanced winter wheat yield about 16.0%via increased grain number per spike and grains weight significantly,and photosynthesis of flag leaves was enhanced by 13.7%compared with ambient[CO2].Under elevated[CO2]conditions,higher application of nitrogen fertilizer could increase the yield of winter wheat about 50%,enhance the photosynthesis increase rate about2.5%and transpiration about 1

关 键 词：冬小麦 FACE CO2 氮肥 产量 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]