航行自由:中美两国的分歧及对策  

Freedom of Navigation:the Differences between China and the United States and the Measure to Deal with Them

作　　者：曹文振[1] 李文斌[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国海洋大学法政学院国际问题研究所,山东青岛266100 [2]中国海洋大学,山东青岛266100

出　　处：《国际论坛》2016年第1期20-25,79-80,共6页International Forum

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目《和平发展大战略下中国的海洋强国建设与海洋权益维护问题研究》(13AZZ013)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：《联合国海洋法公约》作为一部海洋宪章,规定了各国在不同海域拥有不同程度的航行自由。中美两国基于不同利益对《公约》中规定的航行自由作出了不同的司法解释:美国为了实现在全球范围内的军事活动自由,基于"全球公域"扩大了航行自由的权利边界,这种单边的行为侵犯了沿岸国的合法权益;中国等国家通过扩大安全管辖权和限制军事活动缩小了航行自由的权利边界。中美在航行自由方面的分歧主要集中于中国大陆周边海域,随着两国在亚洲结构性矛盾的凸显,美国通过质疑中国岛礁的法律地位加深对南海争端的介入。面对这一情况,首先,中国应敦促美国加入《公约》,为中美在同一语境下协调打下基础;其次,坚持中国在大陆周边海域对军舰航行和军事活动的限制性规定,在权力互动中建构共同利益的认知,化解两国分歧;最后,在维护南海岛礁主权安全的基础上,尊重美国军舰全球机动的需求,引导美国接受亚洲地区海权结构变化的现实。UNCLOS,as a constitution of the sea,states that all countries have different degrees of freedom of navigation in different areas.Based on different interests,China and America make different judicial interpretation about freedom of navigation as stipulated in the law.Through 'global commons',the United States expands the boundaries of the freedom of navigation.Through enlarging security jurisdiction and restricting the military activity,China and other countries narrow the boundaries of freedom of navigation.The differences between China and America on freedom of navigation mainly concentrate in the areas around the mainland of China.With the growing structural contradiction in Asia between the two countries,the U.S.has deepened its involvement in the dispute in the South China Sea by questioning the legitimacy of the islands and reefs controlled by China.Faced with this situation,China should firstly urge the United States to join the UNCLOS;Secondly,it is necessary to build the cognition in common interest for China and America,and to coordinate the position between the two countries on the freedom of navigation over EEZ.Finally,on the basis of protection of sovereignty,China should meet the need of American global movement of its Navy and promote the cooperation between China and the U.S.in the South China Sea.

关 键 词：航行自由 全球公域 安全管辖权 协调合作 

分 类 号：D81[政治法律—国际关系]