施氮对黄壤坡地玉/麦轮作体系氮素环境承受力的影响  

Effect of Nitrogen Application on Nitrogen Environmental Endurance of Wheat / Maize Rotation System on Yellow Sloping Soil

作　　者：张邦喜 范成五 王萍 王文华 柳玲玲 周瑞荣 秦松 

机构地区：[1]贵州省土壤肥料研究所/贵州省农业资源与环境工程研究中心,贵州贵阳550006 [2]农业部(贵州)耕地保育与农业环境科学观测实验站,贵州贵阳550006 [3]贵州省资源环境保护站,贵州贵阳550001

出　　处：《西南农业学报》2015年第6期2592-2598,共7页Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：农业部公益性行业(农业)科研专项"南方山地丘陵区面源污染监测与氮磷投入阈值研究"(201003014-6-2);贵州省创新能力建设专项"贵州省农业资源高效利用技术创新能力建设"[黔科合院所创能(2011)4002];中央补助地方科技基础条件专项"贵州省农业资源高效利用技术创新平台建设"[黔科条中补地(2012)4003];贵州省科技计划黔科平台"贵州山区耕地保育与农业环境科学观测实验站建设"[(2013)4002];贵州省科技计划"黔中黄壤坡地种植业氮磷流失规律研究与防治技术集成示范"[黔科合NY字(2009)3063]

摘　　要：为探索黄壤区小麦-玉米轮作体系作物高产稳产、环境友好的氮肥施用量,减轻农业施肥对环境造成的污染,通过田间小区试验,设置6个小麦氮肥用量（0,90,120,150,180和240 kg/hm2）和6个玉米氮肥用量（0,146,195,244,293和390 kg/hm2）,研究了土壤高残留氮条件下黄壤旱坡地小麦-玉米轮作体系对氮素的环境承受力及合适的氮肥投入量。结果表明：随着施氮量的增加,籽粒产量和植株氮素总积累量呈先增加后降低的趋势,当玉米季施氮量达210.9 kg/hm2、麦季施氮量达150.9 kg/hm2,玉米、小麦有减产风险;土壤中残留矿质氮以NO-3-N为主,其残留量、土壤氮素表观盈余率（SNASR）均与施氮量呈极显著相关;玉米季施氮量在102.2~120.0 kg/hm2,籽粒产量为4067.5~4131.9 kg/hm2,0~100 cm土壤中积累NO-3-N在146.9~151.3 kg/hm2,小麦季施氮量在93.0~113.2 kg/hm2,籽粒产量为1354.6~1395.7 kg/hm2,0~100 cm土壤中积累NO-3-N在141.1~153.4 kg/hm2,此时玉米、小麦分别达到最高产量的95.0%~96.5%和95.0%~97.9%。综合考虑产量、氮素利用和环境效应,土壤高残留氮条件下,黄壤坡地玉米季推荐施氮量为102.2~120.0 kg/hm2,麦季推荐施氮量在93.0~113.2 kg/hm2,可以在兼顾环境保护的基础上获得较高产量。The nitrogen environmental endurance and optimal nitrogen input rate of wheat / maize rotation system on yellow sloping soil were studied by the field experiment with six nitrogen rates（ 0,90,120,150,180,and 240 kg·hm- 2） during wheat growth period and six nitrogen rates（ 0,146,195,244,293 and 390 kg·hm- 2） during maize growth period under high residual nitrogen in yellow sloping soil to explore high and stable yield of crops and environmental friendly nitrogen application rate in wheat / maize rotation system and reduce environmental pollution from agricultural fertilization in yellow soil area. Results： The grain yield and total nitrogen accumulation in plants show a first rising and then declining trend with increase of nitrogen rate. The yield of maize and wheat may reduce when nitrogen application rate in maize and wheat is up to 210. 9 and 150. 9 kg / hm2 respectively. The residual mineral nitrogen in yellow sloping soil is NO-3-N mainly and its residual amount and soil nitrogen apparent surplus rate（ SNASR）are significantly related with nitrogen application rate. The maize yield is 4 067. 5- 4 131. 9 kg / hm2 and total accumulated NO-3-N in yellow sloping soil with 0- 100 cm depth is 146. 9- 151. 3 kg / hm2 when nitrogen application rate is 102. 2- 120. 0 kg / hm2 in maize. The wheat yield is 1354. 6- 1395. 7 kg / hm2 and total accumulated NO-3-N in yellow sloping soil with 0- 100 cm depth is 141. 1- 153. 4 kg / hm2 when nitrogen application rate is 93. 0- 113. 2 kg / hm2 in wheat. The yield of maize and wheat can reach 95. 0 %- 96. 5 % and 95. 0 %-97. 9 % of their maximum yield respectively when nitrogen application rate in maize and wheat is 102. 2- 120. 0 and 93. 0- 113. 2 kg / hm2 separately. Therefore,the suitable nitrogen application rate of wheat /maize rotation system is 102. 2- 120. 0 kg / hm2 in maize and 93. 0- 113. 2 kg / hm2 in wheat under the high residual nitrogen in yellow sloping soil considering yield,nitrogen use efficiency and environmental influence overall respectively

关 键 词：施氮量 黄壤坡地 产量 环境承受力 

分 类 号：S512[农业科学—作物学]