中国北方粳型超级稻研究进展  

Research Progress and Related Problems on japonica Super Rice in Northern China

作　　者：徐正进[1] 陈温福[1] 

机构地区：[1]沈阳农业大学水稻研究所/教育部和辽宁省北方粳稻遗传育种重点实验室/农业部东北水稻生物学与遗传育种重点实验室,沈阳110866

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2016年第2期239-250,共12页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31371587;31430062)

摘　　要：1996年农业部正式启动中国水稻超高产育种即超级稻研究项目,20年来中国超级稻研究后来居上,无论超高产遗传生理基础研究还是超级稻育种实践,无论南方超级杂交籼稻还是北方超级常规粳稻,总体上都处于国际领先水平,为进一步提高生产潜力和将其转化为现实生产力提供了科学依据和技术储备,为中国稻作科学保持国际先进水平作出了突出贡献。文章从超级稻兴起、技术路线确立、新品种选育与示范推广、生理与遗传基础研究等方面综合评述了中国北方粳型超级稻研究进展。在此基础上讨论了北方粳型超级稻相关生理与遗传问题:近年来北方粳稻继续保持较高产量水平和加工品质,同时以垩白性状为代表的外观品质有明显提高,至少在9 t·hm-2之前产量与主要品质性状的矛盾并不突出,产量和品质可以在更高水平上达成新的平衡;分析北方粳稻区域试验结果表明,通过延长生育期提高产量是不足取的,通过增加株高提高产量也是行不通的,提高稻瘟病抗性是北方粳稻的重要育种目标;北方粳稻着粒密度普遍较高,但是对产量构成因素和主要品质性状的负面影响相对较小,可以认为经过育种家的不懈努力,北方粳稻着粒密度处于比较合适范围;籽粒长宽比是决定籼粳稻碾磨品质的主要因素,而对外观品质亚种间差异影响较小,近年来中国籼稻碾磨品质有明显改善,籼粳稻差异幅度有所降低,籼粳稻外观品质均有明显改善,但是籼粳稻差异依旧。建议:在全面总结20年来中国超级稻研究成果与经验基础上,明确今后超级稻研究的方向与目标,改设立阶段性产量目标分期攻关为按生态区长期稳定支持,改小面积产量验收评价指标为考核大面积均衡增产。根据北方粳稻生态、生产和品种特性,有针对性地开展育种基础理论和关键技术研究,如籼粳血缘与产量和品质关系的遗China＇s super rice research project was initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture in 1996. In the past 20 years, China has been a leader in super rice research, including genetic and physiological basis of super-high yielding or theory and practice for super rice breeding, and indica super hybrid rice in south or conventional japonica super rice in north. These research provided scientific and technical basis for improving production potential and converting sciences and technology to realistic productivity, and made outstanding contribution for maintaining China the international advanced level on rice science. Research progress of japonica super rice in Northern China, including the development of super rice, establishment of technical route, new variety breeding and demonstration promotion, basic research in physiological and genetic were reviewed in this paper. Meanwhile, some related physiological and genetic issues of Northern japonica super rice were discussed： The Northern japonica rice in recent years kept high levels on yield and quality, and the chalk white character and other appearance qualities have been improved, without significant contradiction between yield and main quality traits when yield no more than 9 t·hm-2, and the yield and quality can reach a new balance at a higher level. Analysis of Northern japonica rice regional test results showed that extending growth period to increase yield was unsatisfactory, also not work by increasing plant height, while improving the resistance to rice blast was one of the important breeding targets for Northern japonica rice. The seed density of Northern japonica rice is generally high, but the negative impact on the yield components and the main quality traits is relatively small, which can be thought that Northern japonica rice seed density is in an appropriate range through the untiring efforts of the breeders. Grain length-width ratio is a main factor determining indica and japonica rice milling quality, and less impact on the appearance quality dif

关 键 词：中国 水稻 粳型超级稻 超高产育种 

分 类 号：S511.22[农业科学—作物学]