媒介的初现:上海火警中的旗灯、钟楼和电话  

Emergence of New Media:The Daytime Flag,Nightlights,Bell Tower and Telephone in Fire Alarms of Shanghai

作　　者：金庚星[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学信息与传播研究中心"新报刊(媒介)史书写"研究团队 [2]上海理工大学网络与新媒体系

出　　处：《新闻与传播研究》2015年第12期62-80,127,共19页Journalism & Communication

摘　　要：当"新""旧"火警媒介——日旗夜灯、钟楼、电报、电话等在科技形式松动的19、20世纪之交的上海相遇时,并未出现线性进步主义意义上的"新"对"旧"的立即替代,而是经由"新""旧"火警媒介的冲突与结合,不断"涌现"出新的媒介矩阵。媒介矩阵的涌现是动态的、开放的、并置的,但不是均质的。在此过程中,一些媒介成为主宰,另一些媒介留存或退出,媒介矩阵既是涌现的结果,又是涌现的开始。媒介矩阵的动态涌现,意味着火警传播场域的重组,进而火警传播实践中新关系的展开:"日旗夜灯"以物示意,传递视觉信号,因故受限于人眼的视力范围及空气能见度的影响,在这一静态的、无时间压迫感的信息方式下,救火行动的组织化程度极低;钟楼警钟藉空气传声,且以点对面的方式面向不确定的城市大众广播,声音的开放性与穿透性使城市大众参与到救火行动成为可能,在此信息方式下,救火行动更像是城市大众的公共事务;电话网络实现了跨越空间、点对点的即时、私密通信,有助于协助火政部门高效组织日常行动,以解决十九世纪晚期城市化之始,因地理面积快速扩张所导致的空间控制危机。以电话为主导的火警媒介矩阵意味着新的救火行动场域的展开——救火从城市大众的公共体验,变成了救火机构自身的专业事务。When 'new' and 'old' media of fire alarm—daytime flag and nightlights,bell tower,telegraph,telephone—met in Shanghai at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries when the form of science and technology was loosening,the replacement of the 'old' by the 'new' in the sense of linear progressive did not appear immediately.Instead,through the conflict with the combination of the 'new' and ' old' fire media,there was ' the emergence of' new media matrix.The emergence of media matrix is dynamic,open,juxtaposed,but not homogeneous.In this process,some media became dominant while the others retired or quit.Media matrix is the result of media emerging,and also the beginning of emerging The emergence of dynamic media matrix signifies the restructuring of the field of fire alarm communication,and the spread of a new relationship in the practice of fire alarm communication:daytime flag and nightlights gave signals by things,but the transmission of visual signals were limited by the range of vision of the human eye and air visibility,entailing a very low degree of organization of firefighting operations in static,and that there was no time for oppressive mode of information.The bell tower alarm spread sound by air to the uncertain public,the openness and the penetration of sound made the public participation of firefighting possible.In this mode of information,firefighting became an urban public affair.Telephone networks enabled point to point,instant,private communications crossing space,which helped assist efficient daily organization of the fire department,in order to solve the space control crisis resulting from the rapid expansion of the geographical area since the late nineteenth century.The firm alarm media matrix dominated by telephone means the launch of a new action field of firefighting:firefighting became an institution's own professional affair from public experience of urban publics.

关 键 词：火警传播 上海 电话 钟楼 媒介矩阵 

分 类 号：D631[政治法律—政治学] G206[政治法律—中外政治制度]