新常态下低保制度的功能定位研究  

Research on the Function and Position of Basic Living Allowance System under the New Normal

作　　者：胡思洋[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]民政部政策研究中心,北京100721 [2]清华大学社会科学学院,北京100084

出　　处：《人口与发展》2015年第6期95-102,共8页Population and Development

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目"成本转移与养老保险风险评估研究"(批准号:11AGL006)的阶段性成果;社会保障国家级教学团队;中央高校基本业务费创业与就业研究项目的资助

摘　　要：低保工作已经逐渐成为社区治理的重点和难点,如何确定低保对象甚至已经成为基层信访与干群矛盾的焦点。低保制度的初衷是为了"兜底线",但是在实际工作中,低保项目往往被权力异化成送人情、维稳、炫耀性寻租以及基层治理的手段,导致"逆向补贴"和"成本转嫁",在经济新常态下进一步加重财政负担。功能错位使低保制度偏离了"兜底线"本位,反而成为"劫贫济富"的工具甚至诱发社会矛盾的"动乱器"。功能错位的根源在于供方的道德风险,改革的路径是通过约束政府权力让低保制度回归"兜底线"的功能本位,改革的逻辑不是单纯加强监督等计划经济思维,而是通过完善社会救助立法体系和征信体系、向社会组织分权等低成本的市场化、法治化手段,增加供方制造道德风险的成本,减少政府制造道德风险的机会,消除行政垄断,让官办社会组织回归为独立的市场主体,形成合理的社会治理机制。Basic Hving allowance work has gradually become the focus and nuts of community governance,how to determine the target population has even become the focus of the petition and the conflicts between local leadership and the masses.Basic living allowance system is intended for the basic Living need,but in the actual situations,it has been distributed by power.The error of functional positioning deviates it＇s original intention,which also leads to the misunderstanding that the basic living assurance is a kind of social identity,and the rights of citizens.The method of reformation is that let the social assistance develop its own function by restricting the government＇s power.Reformation＇s logic is not the planned economy method by strengthening supervision etc,but the low- cost,marketable and legislative means,such as improve legislation,decentralization of authority to the society,purchase the social service,perfect the credit system etc.The prerequisite is separation of the government from enterprise,separation of management from operation,eliminating administrative monopoly,letting the official social organizations become independent market subject.In this way,the social contradictions will be decentralized,the pressure of the government will be reduced,and the social governance mechanism will be more reasonable.

关 键 词：功能定位 成本转嫁 道德风险 社会分权 可置信承诺 

分 类 号：C913.7[经济管理]