美国的自白任意性规则及借鉴  

Voluntariness of confession in US and Its Sinicization

作　　者：王景龙[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]西安财经学院法学院 [2]西南政法大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2016年第1期77-97,共21页Global Law Review

基　　金：2015年陕西省社会科学基金项目(编号:2015F001);陕西省教育厅专项科研计划项目(编号:15JK1279)的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：自白任意性规则,是非法自白排除规则的基础规则与实质性规则。在美国这一规则经历了从普通法向宪法根据的转变,其价值追求从可靠性转向任意性,但自白任意性的判断却始终是横在美国法院面前的一道难题。传统的"综合情况"判断方法存在模糊性、不确定性的缺陷。联邦最高法院不断尝试寻求清楚、明确的简易判断方法,最终创造了举世闻名的"米兰达推定"。但这种自动适用的技术性排除规则经历了从"不可反驳的推定"向"可反驳的推定"的转变,例外的不断增加使它最终沦为新的"综合情况"判断规则。中国自白任意性规则在规范层面上初步形成,但在实施过程中遇到了多重困难和阻力,自白任意性的判断便是其中最为棘手的难题。由此,我们宜借鉴和汲取美国的经验与教训,结合中国具体情况,以法律推定和证明责任规范为技术性措施,降低法官裁判的难度与阻力,增加可操作性。Voluntariness of confession is the basic and substantive rule of confession During the evolution of this rule in US, ahhough its grounds have experienced a change from the common law to the Constitution and its value pursuit has shifted from reliability to voluntariness, the criterion of voluntariness has remained a difficult problem faced by all courts in US. The traditional ＂totality-of-circumstances＂ test has the defects of vagueness and uncertainty. The U. S Supreme Court had been continuously trying to find a sire datory presumption-the famous ＂ Miranda Rule＂. But ple thi test and eventually created a mans technological exclusionary rule, which can be automatically applied, has experienced a transformation from ＂irrefutable presumption＂ to ＂refutable presumption＂. With the increase of exceptions, it has eventually become a new ＂totality-of-circumstances＂ test. Today, voluntariness of confession has been basically established at the normative level in China. I y difficulties and obstacles, the biggest one being n pr the actice, however, it has encountered mandifficulty in the determination of the voluntariness of the confession. China should draw on the experiences and lessons from the US and introduce mandatory presumption and burden of proof as technical norms, so as to increase the operability of the rule and reduce the difficulty and the obstacles faced by judges in making the relevant rulings.

关 键 词：自白任意性 米兰达推定 技术性规范 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD911