收入差距、市场分层与政府行为  

Income Disparity,Market Stratification and Government Policy

作　　者：杨小科[1] 刘潋[1] 谭华清[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院研究生院,北京102488 [2]北京大学国家发展研究院,北京100871

出　　处：《经济管理》2016年第2期169-177,共9页Business and Management Journal ( BMJ )

摘　　要：本文通过构建市场分层模型将以往的收入分配影响经济的机制统一起来,并且通过市场分层模型将收入差距过大对经济社会的影响作了更为全面的讨论。认为当供给弹性较低时,收入不平等将会导致市场分层。在高收入者和低收入者同时存在的市场里,高收入者之间的竞争将会推高市场的均衡价格,面对较高的市场价格,低收入者很可能减少在这一市场上购买,而转向较为低端的市场,于是出现市场分层。如果市场分层发生在消费品市场则会扩大低收入消费者和高收入消费者的消费差距,二者之间的需求结构的差异会抑制国内对高质量产品的需求,从而不利于产业升级;如果市场分层发生在要素市场则会进一步扩大高收入群体与低收入群体未来的收入差距。为了实现我国经济供给结构的优化,减少因收入差距扩大而导致的市场分层对可持续发展的影响,需要一个更加竞争性的产品市场和要素市场,除了收入再分配政策,着力于增强市场的供给弹性的政策也有助于缓解收入差距扩大所带来的上述影响。In this paper, we propose a simple model of market stratification to analysis the impact of income distribution on the economy. This model can unify some other mechanisms discussed in the literature such as mar- ket scale mechanism （Murphy, Shleifer and Vishny, 1989 ）, education investment mechanism （Perotti, 1996 ） and mechanism of society stability （Alesina ＆ Perotti, 1996）. In addition, we can discuss the impact of the ine- quality of income distribution on the gap between consumption, education investment and industry upgrading. In particular, we firstly build a model of market stratification with the basic supply-demand rules. We assume that in a market with households who can be classified into two groups. One is households with high income and the other one is households with low income. Under a certain conditions on supply elasticity, we can find, if the in- come gap is enlarging as the income increased more for the higher income group, the competition among the con- sumers in the higher income group will lead to an increasing market equilibrium price. This will hinder or even re- duce the demand of consumer in the low income group. For a substitution, the＂ consumer in the low income group could pursue some other market with low quality. To what extent the market stratification will be heavily depends on the market features especially the elasticity of supply. For market with larger supply elasticity, the effect of market stratification will be low or even trivial. If otherwise, such mechanism would bring large effect on the market. If the market stratification occurs in final goods market, this mechanism would hinder the demand of goods with high qual- ity of consumers with low income. It could enlarge the gap of consumption among the two groups and the welfare. If the stratification happens in intermediate input market like human capital, the increasing income gap could bring a bad effect on future income for the two households. Because the future income of households is mainly determin

关 键 词：收入差距 市场分层 需求结构 产业升级 

分 类 号：F015[经济管理—政治经济学]