我国草原牧区可持续发展的科学基础与实践  

Scientific basis and practical ways for sustainable development of China's pasture regions

作　　者：方精云[1] 白永飞[1] 李凌浩[1] 蒋高明[1] 黄建辉[1] 黄振英[1] 张文浩[1] 高树琴[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室,北京100093

出　　处：《科学通报》2016年第2期155-164,133,共10页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：中国科学院重点部署项目(KSZD-EW-Z-012);中国科学院学部咨询评议项目(2011-4-13-1)资助;国家重大科学研究计划(2014CB954303);国家自然科学基金(31330012;31321061)

摘　　要：改革开放以来,我国城乡居民膳食结构发生了重大变化,口粮消费减少,肉蛋奶等动物性食品消费增加,伴随而来的是饲料需求的急剧增加.然而,我国种植结构并没有进行相应调整,导致大量粮食被用作饲料.我国4×10~8 hm^2草地本应在保障国家生态安全和粮食安全方面发挥巨大作用,但由于我国草业长期以来粗放的生产方式和国家对草地畜牧业投入不足,导致生产经营规模小、草地退化严重、生产力水平低下,草产品产量远不能满足畜牧业发展的市场需求.分析表明,发展人工草地是大幅提升我国草地生产功能的有效途径,集约化的人工草地可以使优质饲草产量提高10倍以上.为此,本项目组提出"用小保大"的"草牧业"发展模式,即利用小面积的优质土地(不多于区域面积10%的土地)建立集约化人工草地,大幅提高优质饲草产量;而对大部分天然草地(大于90%的土地)进行保护、恢复与合理利用,提升其生态功能.为践行"草牧业"发展模式,本项目组提出在草原牧区建设"生态草牧业试验区"的构想,即在较大的区域内,进行自然-经济-社会复合系统诸要素的科学配置和调控,形成以人工草地和现代化畜牧业为主,特色生物产业和文化产业为补充的多元产业结构,并大幅提升草地的生态功能.本文还在梳理我国草原牧区发展瓶颈问题的基础上,提出了牧草良种选育、人工草地种植、牧草高效收获、水分有效利用、天然草地保护与适度利用、草地生产和生态功能合理配置、以及牧区系统发展等我国牧区发展应遵循的7个原理.Great changes have taken place in the dietary structure of urban and rural residents in China since the country＇s reform and opening starting from the end of 1970 s. During the past three decades, grain consumption has reduced and animal food consumption has increased significantly, causing a sharply increased demand of forage. However, the country＇s cropping structure has not been adjusted timely, resulting in a large number of grain to be used as forage. Although China has a grassland area of 4×10~8 hectares, which should play an important role in the country＇s ecological security and food security, its forage grass and livestock production are considerably low, with different levels of degradation across the grasslands, so that it is far not satisfied with a need of animal husbandry development, because of its extensive management and less input of prataculture. Our analysis showed that developing artificial pasture, which grass yield can be more than 10 times higher than natural grassland, is an effective way to promote the production of forage grass in China. We thus developed the ＂animal-husbandry development＂ model, which uses a small area（less than 10% of the grassland） with high quality site to develop intensive artificial pasture to enhance forage grass production, and prevents a large area of the natural grassland（more than 90% of the grassland） from degradation and over-grazing. In order to implement ＂animal husbandry development＂ model, we proposed to construct an ＂eco-animal husbandry experimental zone＂ in the grassland areas. The ＂experimental zone＂ is planned and designed as a coupled system of nature-economy-society complex in a considerably large area, to promote production of artificial pasture and animal husbandry and improve ecological functioning of natural grassland. This paper also discusses the bottleneck issues about socio-economic development in pasturing areas, and proposed seven principles for the development of pasturing areas, including grass breeding,

关 键 词：草牧业 人工草地 粮食安全 牧区可持续发展 

分 类 号：S812[农业科学—草业科学]